1 00:00:00,000 --> 00:00:03,000 Heat. Heat. 2 00:00:49,920 --> 00:00:53,037 That was not a That was Not a large 3 00:00:53,120 --> 00:00:57,000 applause. Start again. 4 00:01:01,040 --> 00:01:04,317 >> That's better. Thank you. >> Yeah, we're going to make this 5 00:01:04,400 --> 00:01:06,877 interesting. 6 00:01:06,960 --> 00:01:11,597 How many how many quotes are you going to want that are going to be after this 7 00:01:11,680 --> 00:01:16,397 session? >> Uh I don't know. I mean, five. 8 00:01:16,480 --> 00:01:19,917 >> Okay. So, uh good afternoon everybody. It's 9 00:01:20,000 --> 00:01:21,757 great to see everybody here. Uh it's 10 00:01:21,840 --> 00:01:24,957 been an amazing week here in Davos. Um 11 00:01:25,040 --> 00:01:27,197 hopefully everybody 12 00:01:27,280 --> 00:01:30,237 saw that we are having conversations 13 00:01:30,320 --> 00:01:34,477 here. Hopefully everybody agrees. There are some conversations that we may 14 00:01:34,560 --> 00:01:38,717 disagreed. There's many conversations we may have agreed but through those 15 00:01:38,800 --> 00:01:41,437 conversations and I think today's result 16 00:01:41,520 --> 00:01:46,957 with a peace agreement earlier today um the world economic forum is here to 17 00:01:47,040 --> 00:01:48,397 have those conversations to have 18 00:01:48,480 --> 00:01:52,637 understandings and also resolution. So 19 00:01:52,720 --> 00:01:56,477 um uh it's an important component of who 20 00:01:56,560 --> 00:01:59,597 we and what we are and I'm thrilled uh 21 00:01:59,680 --> 00:02:02,797 to have Elon Musk here. Um 22 00:02:02,880 --> 00:02:07,037 he came all the way from California to be here to see all of you. So uh thank 23 00:02:07,120 --> 00:02:11,560 you Elon. >> Uh you're most welcome. 24 00:02:11,920 --> 00:02:14,317 >> Um >> I mean I heard I heard about heard about 25 00:02:14,400 --> 00:02:17,117 the formation of the the peace summit 26 00:02:17,200 --> 00:02:21,517 and I was like is that uh is that PIC? 27 00:02:21,600 --> 00:02:24,600 Uh 28 00:02:25,040 --> 00:02:29,917 you know little piece of Greenland, a little piece of Venezuela. 29 00:02:30,000 --> 00:02:33,517 Okay, we we got one. >> All we want is peace. 30 00:02:33,600 --> 00:02:35,437 >> Okay, I'm going to uh as I said, I'm a 31 00:02:35,520 --> 00:02:40,717 pretty proud uh CEO of Black Rockck since we went public. Um uh the 32 00:02:40,800 --> 00:02:42,237 compounding return of Black Rockck to 33 00:02:42,320 --> 00:02:44,717 our shareholders with 21%. 34 00:02:44,800 --> 00:02:49,117 Uh since Elon took Tesla uh public, his 35 00:02:49,200 --> 00:02:54,920 compounded return is 43%. 36 00:02:55,680 --> 00:02:57,677 This is I just another advertisement for 37 00:02:57,760 --> 00:03:00,077 everybody especially for Europeans. This 38 00:03:00,160 --> 00:03:04,237 is why more citizens should be investing 39 00:03:04,320 --> 00:03:06,397 with growth, investing with their 40 00:03:06,480 --> 00:03:08,877 countries. Imagine if a lot of pension 41 00:03:08,960 --> 00:03:12,717 funds invested with Elon when Tesla went 42 00:03:12,800 --> 00:03:16,157 public and how much 43 00:03:16,240 --> 00:03:19,037 return with the all the pension funds 44 00:03:19,120 --> 00:03:21,997 that invested side by side with Elon and 45 00:03:22,080 --> 00:03:27,597 the growth. So, um, a spectacular return. There's very few companies, 46 00:03:27,680 --> 00:03:31,197 well, I don't think there's any other company as large as Tesla today that has 47 00:03:31,280 --> 00:03:34,477 that compounded return. So, congratulations. Thank you. It's a good 48 00:03:34,560 --> 00:03:36,397 measurement. >> Well, we have an incredible team at 49 00:03:36,480 --> 00:03:38,477 Tesla, and that's the reason. 50 00:03:38,560 --> 00:03:42,237 >> So, I want to get into the dirt, the the 51 00:03:42,320 --> 00:03:44,877 meaningful component about technology, 52 00:03:44,960 --> 00:03:47,597 the possibilities. Um I want to talk 53 00:03:47,680 --> 00:03:51,277 about AI and robotics, energy, space and 54 00:03:51,360 --> 00:03:56,077 the progress ultimately coming down to engineering engineering discipline scale 55 00:03:56,160 --> 00:03:57,597 execution. 56 00:03:57,680 --> 00:04:01,597 Um and few few people if not anyone has 57 00:04:01,680 --> 00:04:04,797 the experience and the fortitude to 58 00:04:04,880 --> 00:04:07,277 confront these issues headon. Not just 59 00:04:07,360 --> 00:04:12,397 the ideas but the execution across so many different technologies. Elon and 60 00:04:12,480 --> 00:04:14,077 that's why I thought it was important 61 00:04:14,160 --> 00:04:16,797 for us to have this dialogue here uh in 62 00:04:16,880 --> 00:04:20,557 Davos. So you're presently building on 63 00:04:20,640 --> 00:04:24,317 AI, on robotics, on space, on energy all 64 00:04:24,400 --> 00:04:29,597 at the same time. When you look across those efforts, 65 00:04:29,680 --> 00:04:33,437 what do they have in common from an engineering standpoint? 66 00:04:33,520 --> 00:04:35,037 >> Uh well, they're all very difficult 67 00:04:35,120 --> 00:04:38,877 technology challenges. Um but the 68 00:04:38,960 --> 00:04:40,957 uh the overall goal of my companies is 69 00:04:41,040 --> 00:04:42,957 to 70 00:04:43,040 --> 00:04:45,917 maximize the future of civilization like 71 00:04:46,000 --> 00:04:48,157 basically maximize the probability that 72 00:04:48,240 --> 00:04:52,077 civilization has a great future. Um and 73 00:04:52,160 --> 00:04:55,437 uh to expand consciousness beyond earth. 74 00:04:55,520 --> 00:04:58,877 So take SpaceX for example that SpaceX 75 00:04:58,960 --> 00:05:02,477 is about build advancing rocket technology to the point where we can 76 00:05:02,560 --> 00:05:04,877 extend life and consciousness beyond 77 00:05:04,960 --> 00:05:08,077 earth. uh to the moon, to Mars, uh 78 00:05:08,160 --> 00:05:12,237 eventually to other star systems. And uh 79 00:05:12,320 --> 00:05:13,997 and I think we should always view 80 00:05:14,080 --> 00:05:16,877 consciousness uh life as we know it as 81 00:05:16,960 --> 00:05:20,637 as precarious and delicate. Um because 82 00:05:20,720 --> 00:05:23,677 to the best of our knowledge, we we we 83 00:05:23,760 --> 00:05:25,757 don't know of life anywhere else. You 84 00:05:25,840 --> 00:05:28,717 know, I'm often asked um are there 85 00:05:28,800 --> 00:05:33,677 aliens among us? And I'll say that I am one, but 86 00:05:33,760 --> 00:05:36,077 >> or you're from the future. They don't believe me. 87 00:05:36,160 --> 00:05:40,957 >> Okay. >> Um, so, uh, but I I I 88 00:05:41,040 --> 00:05:42,157 think if anyone would know if there are 89 00:05:42,240 --> 00:05:45,437 aliens among us, it would be me. Um, 90 00:05:45,520 --> 00:05:48,957 and, uh, we we have 9,000 satellites up 91 00:05:49,040 --> 00:05:51,117 there, and not once have we had to 92 00:05:51,200 --> 00:05:54,157 maneuver around an an alien spaceship. 93 00:05:54,240 --> 00:05:57,037 So, I'm like, I don't know. It's bottom 94 00:05:57,120 --> 00:06:00,157 line is I think we need to assume that 95 00:06:00,240 --> 00:06:02,477 life and consciousness is extremely rare 96 00:06:02,560 --> 00:06:05,917 and it might only be us. And if that's 97 00:06:06,000 --> 00:06:07,757 the case, then we need to do everything 98 00:06:07,840 --> 00:06:11,917 possible to to ensure that the the light 99 00:06:12,000 --> 00:06:13,517 of can the light the light of 100 00:06:13,600 --> 00:06:16,397 consciousness is not extinguished 101 00:06:16,480 --> 00:06:18,957 because we're effectively the way I view 102 00:06:19,040 --> 00:06:21,917 it is the image in my mind is of a a 103 00:06:22,000 --> 00:06:26,237 tiny candle in a vast darkness tiny 104 00:06:26,320 --> 00:06:28,157 candle of consciousness that could 105 00:06:28,240 --> 00:06:33,437 easily go out. Um and that's why it's important to make life multilanetary 106 00:06:33,520 --> 00:06:37,917 uh such that if there is a natural disaster or a man-made disaster on earth 107 00:06:38,000 --> 00:06:39,837 that consciousness continues. That's the 108 00:06:39,920 --> 00:06:43,197 purpose of SpaceX. Um 109 00:06:43,280 --> 00:06:45,757 te Tesla is obviously about sustainable 110 00:06:45,840 --> 00:06:50,237 technology and uh and and also at this 111 00:06:50,320 --> 00:06:52,397 point we've we've sort of added to our 112 00:06:52,480 --> 00:06:55,437 mission sustainable abundance. 113 00:06:55,520 --> 00:06:59,437 So with robotics and AI 114 00:06:59,520 --> 00:07:02,957 um this this is really the path to 115 00:07:03,040 --> 00:07:05,437 abundance for all. If you say you know 116 00:07:05,520 --> 00:07:09,437 people often talk about uh solving 117 00:07:09,520 --> 00:07:11,917 global poverty or essentially how how do 118 00:07:12,000 --> 00:07:15,277 we make give everyone a very high 119 00:07:15,360 --> 00:07:17,437 standard of living? I I think the only 120 00:07:17,520 --> 00:07:21,437 way to do this is AI and robotics. 121 00:07:21,520 --> 00:07:25,197 um which which doesn't mean that it is uh 122 00:07:25,280 --> 00:07:29,277 without its issues. I mean there's we need to be very careful with AI. We need 123 00:07:29,360 --> 00:07:31,837 to be very careful with robotics. We 124 00:07:31,920 --> 00:07:33,997 don't want to find ourselves in a James 125 00:07:34,080 --> 00:07:37,117 Cameron movie. Uh 126 00:07:37,200 --> 00:07:41,837 you know Terminator >> he's he's great movies. Love his movies 127 00:07:41,920 --> 00:07:42,877 but but we don't want to be in 128 00:07:42,960 --> 00:07:46,157 Terminator obviously. Um but but if you 129 00:07:46,240 --> 00:07:50,077 have um ubiquitous AI that is 130 00:07:50,160 --> 00:07:52,637 essentially free or close to it and 131 00:07:52,720 --> 00:07:56,237 ubiquitous robotics uh then uh you will 132 00:07:56,320 --> 00:08:00,557 have an an an explosion in the in the global economy 133 00:08:00,640 --> 00:08:03,757 an expansion in the global economy that is truly 134 00:08:03,840 --> 00:08:05,837 beyond all precedent. 135 00:08:05,920 --> 00:08:09,277 >> Elen, can that expansion be broad? Yes. 136 00:08:09,360 --> 00:08:12,077 >> Or is it narrow? And how can that be 137 00:08:12,160 --> 00:08:16,317 created? How can it broaden the global economy? 138 00:08:16,400 --> 00:08:21,437 >> Yeah, it's I mean I mean a way to think of it is 139 00:08:21,520 --> 00:08:26,637 that if you have a large number of humanoid robots um the economic output 140 00:08:26,720 --> 00:08:31,757 is the average productivity per robot times 141 00:08:31,840 --> 00:08:32,957 the number of robots, 142 00:08:33,040 --> 00:08:37,117 >> right? Um and and actually my prediction 143 00:08:37,200 --> 00:08:39,917 is in the in the benign scenario of the 144 00:08:40,000 --> 00:08:44,557 future that we will the robots we will actually make so many robots in AI that 145 00:08:44,640 --> 00:08:46,877 they will actually saturate all human 146 00:08:46,960 --> 00:08:49,437 needs. Meaning you won't be able to even 147 00:08:49,520 --> 00:08:51,597 think of something 148 00:08:51,680 --> 00:08:54,477 to ask the robot for at a certain point 149 00:08:54,560 --> 00:08:56,877 like like there will be such an 150 00:08:56,960 --> 00:08:59,517 abundance of goods and services 151 00:08:59,600 --> 00:09:02,957 because the my prediction is there'll be 152 00:09:03,040 --> 00:09:04,877 there'll be more robots than people. So 153 00:09:04,960 --> 00:09:07,997 >> but how do you then have human purpose 154 00:09:08,080 --> 00:09:11,117 in that scenario? Yeah, I mean, you 155 00:09:11,200 --> 00:09:13,197 know, there nothing's perfect, you know, 156 00:09:13,280 --> 00:09:16,157 but um 157 00:09:16,240 --> 00:09:19,277 but I mean I mean it is it is a a 158 00:09:19,360 --> 00:09:22,157 necessary um 159 00:09:22,240 --> 00:09:24,077 like you can't have both. You can't have 160 00:09:24,160 --> 00:09:28,157 work that has to be done uh um and uh 161 00:09:28,240 --> 00:09:32,797 amazing abundance for all. Um because if it's if it's work that has 162 00:09:32,880 --> 00:09:37,037 to be done then then then you and and only some people can do it then then you 163 00:09:37,120 --> 00:09:39,197 you you can't have abundance of >> then it's narrow. 164 00:09:39,280 --> 00:09:40,877 >> It's narrow. Exactly. 165 00:09:40,960 --> 00:09:45,277 >> So um but if you if you have billions of 166 00:09:45,360 --> 00:09:49,917 humanoid robots and I think there will be um then I think I think everyone on 167 00:09:50,000 --> 00:09:51,437 earth is going to have one and going to 168 00:09:51,520 --> 00:09:55,517 want one. Um because uh you would who 169 00:09:55,600 --> 00:09:59,117 wouldn't want a robot to you know um 170 00:09:59,200 --> 00:10:01,437 assuming it's very safe uh watch over 171 00:10:01,520 --> 00:10:04,717 your kids, take care of your pet. Uh if 172 00:10:04,800 --> 00:10:08,877 you have elderly parents, uh a lot of friends of mine said they have elderly 173 00:10:08,960 --> 00:10:11,517 parents, it's it's uh very difficult to take care of them. 174 00:10:11,600 --> 00:10:13,997 >> Expensive. >> Yeah, it's expensive and it's expensive 175 00:10:14,080 --> 00:10:17,517 and there just aren't enough people to take care of the there aren't enough 176 00:10:17,600 --> 00:10:19,837 young people to take care of the old people, >> right? 177 00:10:19,920 --> 00:10:23,837 >> Um so if you if they Um, if if you had a 178 00:10:23,920 --> 00:10:28,877 robot that could take care of and protect an an elderly parent, I think 179 00:10:28,960 --> 00:10:30,557 that would be great. That would be an 180 00:10:30,640 --> 00:10:33,677 amazing thing to have. Um, and and that 181 00:10:33,760 --> 00:10:38,317 I think we will have those things. So, I mean, overall, I'm I'm very optimistic 182 00:10:38,400 --> 00:10:39,757 about the future. I think we're headed 183 00:10:39,840 --> 00:10:43,437 for a future of amazing abundance, uh, 184 00:10:43,520 --> 00:10:47,677 which is very cool. Um, and, uh, and and 185 00:10:47,760 --> 00:10:51,677 definitely we are in the most interesting time in history. 186 00:10:51,760 --> 00:10:54,317 Um, I don't think there's more a more 187 00:10:54,400 --> 00:10:56,877 interesting time in history. 188 00:10:56,960 --> 00:10:59,677 >> Can we uh can you and I reverse aging in 189 00:10:59,760 --> 00:11:04,957 this new history or or or are we going to see it? 190 00:11:05,040 --> 00:11:06,557 >> You know, I haven't I haven't put much 191 00:11:06,640 --> 00:11:09,997 time into uh the aging stuff. I I do 192 00:11:10,080 --> 00:11:14,237 think it is a very solvable problem like like you can 193 00:11:14,320 --> 00:11:18,557 I think when when when we figure out what causes aging, 194 00:11:18,640 --> 00:11:23,277 >> I think we'll find it's incredibly obvious. It's not a subtle thing. Um, 195 00:11:23,360 --> 00:11:27,037 the reason I say it's not a subtle thing is because all the cells in your body, 196 00:11:27,120 --> 00:11:29,277 you know, with some pretty much age at 197 00:11:29,360 --> 00:11:31,917 the same rate. I've never seen someone 198 00:11:32,000 --> 00:11:34,957 with with an old left arm and a young 199 00:11:35,040 --> 00:11:40,077 right arm ever in my life. >> Um, so why is that? It that means that 200 00:11:40,160 --> 00:11:42,717 there must be a clock, a synchronizing clock, >> right, 201 00:11:42,800 --> 00:11:45,757 >> that is synchronizing across 35 trillion 202 00:11:45,840 --> 00:11:51,437 cells in your body. Um and uh 203 00:11:51,520 --> 00:11:55,117 you know the but there is some benefit 204 00:11:55,200 --> 00:11:58,157 to death by the way. It's like there's 205 00:11:58,240 --> 00:12:02,957 there's a reason why we don't actually have a longer lifespan. Uh because if 206 00:12:03,040 --> 00:12:06,637 you if you have if people do live forever for very long time I think 207 00:12:06,720 --> 00:12:09,197 there's some risk of an oification of 208 00:12:09,280 --> 00:12:12,157 society of of things just getting kind 209 00:12:12,240 --> 00:12:18,477 of locked in place. Um and uh 210 00:12:18,560 --> 00:12:23,197 you know it it just may become um 211 00:12:23,280 --> 00:12:26,317 stalifying just not uh lack lack 212 00:12:26,400 --> 00:12:29,437 vibrancy. Um but but that that said, do 213 00:12:29,520 --> 00:12:33,437 I think we'll figure out ways to extend 214 00:12:33,520 --> 00:12:36,717 life and um and maybe even reverse 215 00:12:36,800 --> 00:12:40,237 aging? I think that's highly likely. 216 00:12:40,320 --> 00:12:42,717 >> I'm looking forward to that. 217 00:12:42,800 --> 00:12:46,717 >> Yeah. Uh so um in the future that you 218 00:12:46,800 --> 00:12:48,957 talk about AI models, autonomous 219 00:12:49,040 --> 00:12:51,917 machines, rockets depends on massive 220 00:12:52,000 --> 00:12:54,957 increases of compute, massive increases 221 00:12:55,040 --> 00:12:58,717 in energy, expensive energy, 222 00:12:58,800 --> 00:13:01,197 manufacturing scale, 223 00:13:01,280 --> 00:13:03,197 what are the bottlenecks to to get 224 00:13:03,280 --> 00:13:06,717 there? And then once again with all that 225 00:13:06,800 --> 00:13:09,117 expenditures again, how can we make sure 226 00:13:09,200 --> 00:13:14,080 that it's broadened, not narrow? 227 00:13:14,960 --> 00:13:17,597 Um 228 00:13:17,680 --> 00:13:22,797 I I just think the natural thing is it's going to be very broad because uh AI 229 00:13:22,880 --> 00:13:26,877 companies will seek as many customers as they possibly can and the cost of AI 230 00:13:26,960 --> 00:13:29,037 will get is already very low and it's 231 00:13:29,120 --> 00:13:32,157 it's plummeting every year. I mean you 232 00:13:32,240 --> 00:13:36,237 almost the cost of AI is almost ch meaningfully changing on a 233 00:13:36,320 --> 00:13:39,517 month-to-month basis. >> There's open there's open models now 234 00:13:39,600 --> 00:13:43,837 everywhere. Yeah. >> Yes. very there's open models um and the 235 00:13:43,920 --> 00:13:48,557 open models only lag they're maybe a year behind right the the private the 236 00:13:48,640 --> 00:13:50,237 sort of closed models 237 00:13:50,320 --> 00:13:55,997 >> um so so I I think the the ai companies 238 00:13:56,080 --> 00:13:59,517 will seek as as many customers as possible which means they'll seek 239 00:13:59,600 --> 00:14:02,877 they'll provide AI to the world >> but the cost of getting to there the 240 00:14:02,960 --> 00:14:05,437 compute the chips 241 00:14:05,520 --> 00:14:11,037 um the fab um the powering 242 00:14:11,120 --> 00:14:14,477 that to me what are the what are the you know those are huge 243 00:14:14,560 --> 00:14:18,877 >> the limiting factor yeah I think the limiting factor for um AI deployment is 244 00:14:18,960 --> 00:14:21,037 fundamentally electrical power 245 00:14:21,120 --> 00:14:23,757 >> it's just right it's energy 246 00:14:23,840 --> 00:14:27,197 >> yeah yeah um I mean we're seeing the the 247 00:14:27,280 --> 00:14:29,597 rate of AI chip production increase 248 00:14:29,680 --> 00:14:31,517 exponentially but the rate of 249 00:14:31,600 --> 00:14:34,637 electricity being brought online is uh 250 00:14:34,720 --> 00:14:39,117 >> 3% 4% a year max >> yeah it's clear that we're we're We're 251 00:14:39,200 --> 00:14:41,037 we're very soon, maybe even later this 252 00:14:41,120 --> 00:14:43,277 year, uh we'll be producing more chips 253 00:14:43,360 --> 00:14:46,397 than we can turn on 254 00:14:46,480 --> 00:14:50,877 except for China. China China is China's growth in electricity is is tremendous. 255 00:14:50,960 --> 00:14:54,237 >> They're building 100 gawatts of nuclear as we speak. 256 00:14:54,320 --> 00:14:59,277 >> Uh actually solar is the biggest thing in China. So China's I believe China's 257 00:14:59,360 --> 00:15:01,117 production capacity on solar is 1500 258 00:15:01,200 --> 00:15:03,917 gawatts a year. Um and they're deploying 259 00:15:04,000 --> 00:15:08,157 over 1,000 gawatts a year of of solar. 260 00:15:08,240 --> 00:15:11,997 Um now you know for continuous solar 261 00:15:12,080 --> 00:15:14,717 load you divide that by roughly I don't 262 00:15:14,800 --> 00:15:18,317 know four or five uh call it that's 263 00:15:18,400 --> 00:15:21,757 around uh 250 gawatts of steady state 264 00:15:21,840 --> 00:15:25,277 power um paired with batteries 265 00:15:25,360 --> 00:15:30,957 um and that that's a very big number that's half of the average power usage 266 00:15:31,040 --> 00:15:31,917 in the US right 267 00:15:32,000 --> 00:15:35,677 >> so US US power uh usage on average is is 268 00:15:35,760 --> 00:15:39,277 500 gawatt uh China just in solar just 269 00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:42,477 like just in in in in solar like that 270 00:15:42,560 --> 00:15:45,917 can provide steady state power uh and 271 00:15:46,000 --> 00:15:48,477 batteries can do half of the US 272 00:15:48,560 --> 00:15:50,797 electricity output per year just with 273 00:15:50,880 --> 00:15:53,997 solar. Solar is by far the the the 274 00:15:54,080 --> 00:15:57,117 biggest source of of of energy. Um and 275 00:15:57,200 --> 00:15:59,597 actually when you look beyond or even 276 00:15:59,680 --> 00:16:03,117 even on Earth but certainly beyond Earth 277 00:16:03,200 --> 00:16:06,557 u the sun rounds up to 100% of all 278 00:16:06,640 --> 00:16:09,037 energy. This is an important thing to 279 00:16:09,120 --> 00:16:14,317 consider. Um so this the sun is 99.8% 280 00:16:14,400 --> 00:16:16,957 of the mass of the solar system. Jupiter 281 00:16:17,040 --> 00:16:19,117 is about.1% and everything else is 282 00:16:19,200 --> 00:16:22,317 miscellaneous. Um now even if you were 283 00:16:22,400 --> 00:16:26,477 to uh burn Jupiter in a in a 284 00:16:26,560 --> 00:16:30,077 thermonuclear reactor uh the sun the 285 00:16:30,160 --> 00:16:34,157 amount of energy produced by the sun would still round up to 100% because 286 00:16:34,240 --> 00:16:36,957 Jupiter is only.1%. If you teleported 287 00:16:37,040 --> 00:16:39,437 teleported three more Jupiters into our 288 00:16:39,520 --> 00:16:42,717 solar system, the and and burnt three 289 00:16:42,800 --> 00:16:45,437 more Jupiters and everything else in the 290 00:16:45,520 --> 00:16:48,317 solar system, the sun's 291 00:16:48,400 --> 00:16:52,157 energy would still round up to 100%. 292 00:16:52,240 --> 00:16:57,117 >> So, it's really all about the sun. Um and that's that's why 293 00:16:57,200 --> 00:16:58,477 uh one of the things we'll be doing with 294 00:16:58,560 --> 00:17:04,797 SpaceX uh in within a few years is launching um solar powered AI 295 00:17:04,880 --> 00:17:05,437 satellites, 296 00:17:05,520 --> 00:17:09,197 >> right? Um because the space is really 297 00:17:09,280 --> 00:17:11,917 the source of immense power and then you 298 00:17:12,000 --> 00:17:14,317 don't need to take up any room on earth. 299 00:17:14,400 --> 00:17:17,357 uh there's so much room in space and you 300 00:17:17,440 --> 00:17:20,957 can scale to uh enormous uh I mean you 301 00:17:21,040 --> 00:17:23,357 can you can scale to 302 00:17:23,440 --> 00:17:29,960 I think ultimately hundreds hundreds of terowatts a year 303 00:17:30,960 --> 00:17:34,877 you and I have had these conversations before but why don't you tell the 304 00:17:34,960 --> 00:17:36,797 audience what would it take for the 305 00:17:36,880 --> 00:17:38,957 United States and what type of geography 306 00:17:39,040 --> 00:17:44,397 would it take to have that solar field to electrify the United States And and 307 00:17:44,480 --> 00:17:47,757 then let me ask a question. Why aren't we doing it? 308 00:17:47,840 --> 00:17:50,317 >> Yeah. So I mean I guess rough way to 309 00:17:50,400 --> 00:17:53,277 think about it is um 100 miles by 100 310 00:17:53,360 --> 00:17:57,997 miles we'll call it 160 km by 160 km of 311 00:17:58,080 --> 00:18:01,117 of solar is enough to power the entire 312 00:18:01,200 --> 00:18:03,757 United States. 313 00:18:03,840 --> 00:18:08,317 So the 100 100 mile mile by 100 mile area is is I mean you could take 314 00:18:08,400 --> 00:18:11,117 basically a small corner of Utah, >> Nevada, 315 00:18:11,200 --> 00:18:16,317 >> Nevada, New Mexico. Obviously we wouldn't want it all in one place, but 316 00:18:16,400 --> 00:18:18,077 you could it's it is a very small 317 00:18:18,160 --> 00:18:21,837 percentage of the area of of the US to 318 00:18:21,920 --> 00:18:26,317 generate all of the electricity that the US uses. Um and the same is true 319 00:18:26,400 --> 00:18:28,557 actually I mean for for Europe you you 320 00:18:28,640 --> 00:18:31,277 could take a small part you could take 321 00:18:31,360 --> 00:18:34,717 uh relatively unpopulated areas of say 322 00:18:34,800 --> 00:18:39,597 Spain and Sicily and generate all of the electricity power that Europe needs. 323 00:18:39,680 --> 00:18:43,517 >> So why don't you think that there's a movement towards that here and in the 324 00:18:43,600 --> 00:18:45,917 United States? >> Uh well there is 325 00:18:46,000 --> 00:18:48,237 >> as it is in China. 326 00:18:48,320 --> 00:18:50,877 Well, unfortunately in in the US the the 327 00:18:50,960 --> 00:18:54,717 the tariff barriers for solar are are 328 00:18:54,800 --> 00:18:57,757 extremely high. Um and that makes the 329 00:18:57,840 --> 00:19:01,597 economics of deploying solar uh 330 00:19:01,680 --> 00:19:07,437 so artificially high because China makes almost all the solar um and uh and the 331 00:19:07,520 --> 00:19:09,357 that >> what would it take for Europe or the US 332 00:19:09,440 --> 00:19:12,077 to build it commercially if it's that 333 00:19:12,160 --> 00:19:14,717 scale? 334 00:19:14,800 --> 00:19:17,917 Yeah, I I think I think uh well, I can 335 00:19:18,000 --> 00:19:21,757 tell you what what we're going to do, you know, at SpaceX and Tesla was is 336 00:19:21,840 --> 00:19:25,597 we're we're building up um large scale solar, >> right? 337 00:19:25,680 --> 00:19:27,917 >> So, the the SpaceX and Tesla teams both 338 00:19:28,000 --> 00:19:30,477 separately are working to build to 100 339 00:19:30,560 --> 00:19:33,837 gawatts a year of solar power in the US 340 00:19:33,920 --> 00:19:38,797 of manufactured solar power. Um and um 341 00:19:38,880 --> 00:19:41,917 that'll probably take us I don't know about three years or something. 342 00:19:42,000 --> 00:19:43,917 >> But that's these are pretty big numbers. 343 00:19:44,000 --> 00:19:44,477 Mhm. 344 00:19:44,560 --> 00:19:48,157 >> Um and um you know I'd encourage others 345 00:19:48,240 --> 00:19:51,517 to the to do the same. Um 346 00:19:51,600 --> 00:19:53,597 we obviously don't control the you know 347 00:19:53,680 --> 00:19:59,197 US tariff policy. uh but uh for for for 348 00:19:59,280 --> 00:20:02,397 other countries uh I would re you know 349 00:20:02,480 --> 00:20:05,277 that there's China makes solar cells 350 00:20:05,360 --> 00:20:08,317 that are incredibly low cost and I think 351 00:20:08,400 --> 00:20:13,720 uh it would be worth uh doing large scale solo. 352 00:20:15,760 --> 00:20:18,760 So, 353 00:20:19,040 --> 00:20:23,677 I know you are you're going to be having a couple big announcements on robotics 354 00:20:23,760 --> 00:20:28,077 and what it can do. I mean, when I went to the factory, you showed me those robots. 355 00:20:28,160 --> 00:20:31,560 >> Yeah. >> Um, 356 00:20:32,000 --> 00:20:36,477 how quickly you talked about the billions of robots, but how quickly and 357 00:20:36,560 --> 00:20:38,317 how quickly can they be deployed in a 358 00:20:38,400 --> 00:20:40,477 manufacturing setting? How quickly can 359 00:20:40,560 --> 00:20:43,597 they be utilized and be functional and 360 00:20:43,680 --> 00:20:49,960 be uh create that that abundance that you talked about? 361 00:20:50,640 --> 00:20:52,317 >> Well, 362 00:20:52,400 --> 00:20:53,997 humanoid robotics will advance very 363 00:20:54,080 --> 00:20:58,157 quickly. I think uh we we we do have 364 00:20:58,240 --> 00:21:00,877 some of the Tesla Optimus robots doing 365 00:21:00,960 --> 00:21:03,997 simple tasks in the factory. 366 00:21:04,080 --> 00:21:07,917 um except probably later this year by 367 00:21:08,000 --> 00:21:09,197 the end of this year I think they'll be 368 00:21:09,280 --> 00:21:14,477 doing um more more complex tasks um and 369 00:21:14,560 --> 00:21:16,877 and but still deployed in an industrial 370 00:21:16,960 --> 00:21:20,317 environment and uh and probably sometime 371 00:21:20,400 --> 00:21:24,317 next year I'd say that by the by the end 372 00:21:24,400 --> 00:21:27,837 of next year I I think uh we'd be 373 00:21:27,920 --> 00:21:30,637 selling humanoid robots uh to the 374 00:21:30,720 --> 00:21:33,677 public. um that that's when we are 375 00:21:33,760 --> 00:21:35,357 confident that the it's very high 376 00:21:35,440 --> 00:21:38,157 reliability, very high safety um and the 377 00:21:38,240 --> 00:21:42,477 range of functionality is uh is also very high. You can basically ask it to 378 00:21:42,560 --> 00:21:45,917 do anything you'd like. >> You're already seeing that in Tesla 379 00:21:46,000 --> 00:21:49,517 cars. This the software changes that you're doing and what is it every 380 00:21:49,600 --> 00:21:53,997 quarter now a software change that upgrades the the ability of the robot 381 00:21:54,080 --> 00:21:58,237 within the car. >> Uh yes, the Tesla full self-driving 382 00:21:58,320 --> 00:22:00,397 software we we update it sometimes once 383 00:22:00,480 --> 00:22:04,877 a week. Um and um recently some of the 384 00:22:04,960 --> 00:22:07,037 insurance companies have said that uh it 385 00:22:07,120 --> 00:22:10,237 is actually so safe uh when where Tesla 386 00:22:10,320 --> 00:22:13,197 full full self-driving is so safe that 387 00:22:13,280 --> 00:22:16,317 uh they're they're offering uh customers 388 00:22:16,400 --> 00:22:21,517 half price insurance if they if they use Tesla full self-driving in their car 389 00:22:21,600 --> 00:22:24,317 >> and that can be monitored by the insurance company. Can they is that part 390 00:22:24,400 --> 00:22:28,237 of the agreement then? >> Yeah. 391 00:22:28,320 --> 00:22:34,717 Um but I I think uh self-driving cars is 392 00:22:34,800 --> 00:22:37,117 essentially a solved problem at this point, 393 00:22:37,200 --> 00:22:41,517 >> right? um at and te Tesla's r rolled out 394 00:22:41,600 --> 00:22:44,717 uh sort of robo taxi service in a few cities and 395 00:22:44,800 --> 00:22:45,197 >> right 396 00:22:45,280 --> 00:22:49,117 >> we'll uh I be very very widespread by 397 00:22:49,200 --> 00:22:52,077 the end of this year within the US and 398 00:22:52,160 --> 00:22:57,117 then we we hope to get supervised full self-driving approval in Europe 399 00:22:57,200 --> 00:22:59,757 hopefully next month >> really that quickly 400 00:22:59,840 --> 00:23:03,597 >> yeah and then uh maybe a similar timing 401 00:23:03,680 --> 00:23:07,037 timing for China hopefully >> I want to move to space because 402 00:23:07,120 --> 00:23:09,517 historically space is very capital 403 00:23:09,600 --> 00:23:12,157 intensive. It historically been done by 404 00:23:12,240 --> 00:23:14,637 governments obviously SpaceX changed the 405 00:23:14,720 --> 00:23:18,157 whole model. Uh but we've seen it slow 406 00:23:18,240 --> 00:23:21,757 to scale and now I'm starting to see it ramping up and what you're doing and 407 00:23:21,840 --> 00:23:26,717 other things. Um talk to us about the res you know the 408 00:23:26,800 --> 00:23:28,717 automation and AI how it's changing the 409 00:23:28,800 --> 00:23:31,037 economics in building uh and preparing 410 00:23:31,120 --> 00:23:34,477 for us in operating in space. 411 00:23:34,560 --> 00:23:38,600 >> Uh sure. Um 412 00:23:39,520 --> 00:23:43,517 well the the key breakthrough that tells that that's the major breakthrough that 413 00:23:43,600 --> 00:23:45,757 SpaceX is hoping to achieve this year is 414 00:23:45,840 --> 00:23:47,997 full reusability. 415 00:23:48,080 --> 00:23:51,277 Um so no one has ever achieved full 416 00:23:51,360 --> 00:23:55,037 reusability of a rocket which is very important for the cost of access to 417 00:23:55,120 --> 00:23:59,277 space. Um we've achieved partial reusability with Falcon 9 by landing the 418 00:23:59,360 --> 00:24:01,037 boost stage. We've we've now landed the 419 00:24:01,120 --> 00:24:05,437 boost stage over 500 times. Um but uh we 420 00:24:05,520 --> 00:24:09,757 we don't we have to throw away the upper stage. The upper stage burns up on 421 00:24:09,840 --> 00:24:12,237 re-entry for Falcon 9. So and that that 422 00:24:12,320 --> 00:24:14,317 the cost of that is equivalent to a 423 00:24:14,400 --> 00:24:18,797 small to mediumsiz jet. So um but with 424 00:24:18,880 --> 00:24:23,277 with Starship which is a giant rocket it's it's the largest flying machine ever made. 425 00:24:23,360 --> 00:24:26,957 >> That's a rocket that you using for the idea of going to Mars right? 426 00:24:27,040 --> 00:24:29,357 >> Yeah Mars and the moon. Um as well as 427 00:24:29,440 --> 00:24:33,677 for high volume satellite stuff. So, 428 00:24:33,760 --> 00:24:36,797 Starship um hopefully this year we 429 00:24:36,880 --> 00:24:39,037 should prove full reusability for 430 00:24:39,120 --> 00:24:43,917 Starship which will be um a a profound 431 00:24:44,000 --> 00:24:47,677 invention uh because 432 00:24:47,760 --> 00:24:50,477 uh the cost of access to space will drop 433 00:24:50,560 --> 00:24:55,437 by a factor of 100 when you achieve full reusability. Um, 434 00:24:55,520 --> 00:24:57,597 >> right. >> It's it's the same sort of economic 435 00:24:57,680 --> 00:25:02,717 difference that you would expect that uh between say a reusable aircraft and a 436 00:25:02,800 --> 00:25:06,957 non-reusable aircraft. Like if you have to throw your aircraft away after every 437 00:25:07,040 --> 00:25:08,797 flight, that would be a very expensive 438 00:25:08,880 --> 00:25:11,597 flight. Um, but if you only have to 439 00:25:11,680 --> 00:25:14,237 refuel uh then it's the cost of the 440 00:25:14,320 --> 00:25:19,437 fuel. And so that's really the uh 441 00:25:19,520 --> 00:25:21,837 the the fundamental breakthrough that 442 00:25:21,920 --> 00:25:25,197 gets the cost of access to space uh we 443 00:25:25,280 --> 00:25:30,157 think uh below the cost of uh of freight 444 00:25:30,240 --> 00:25:32,317 on aircraft. 445 00:25:32,400 --> 00:25:34,557 Uh so 446 00:25:34,640 --> 00:25:37,437 you know under under $100 a pound type 447 00:25:37,520 --> 00:25:42,477 of thing easily. Um so it it it makes uh 448 00:25:42,560 --> 00:25:46,077 putting large satellites into into space 449 00:25:46,160 --> 00:25:49,197 very low very very cheap. Um and then 450 00:25:49,280 --> 00:25:54,557 when you have solar in space you you get uh five times more effectiveness maybe 451 00:25:54,640 --> 00:25:58,557 even more than that than solar on the ground because it's it's always sunny. 452 00:25:58,640 --> 00:26:02,317 >> It's cold and >> it yeah it's it's it's always well it's 453 00:26:02,400 --> 00:26:04,237 always sunny so you don't have a dayight 454 00:26:04,320 --> 00:26:05,837 cycle or seasonality 455 00:26:05,920 --> 00:26:09,677 >> or weather. Um and you get about uh 30% 456 00:26:09,760 --> 00:26:14,477 more power in space uh because uh you don't have atmospheric attenuation of 457 00:26:14,560 --> 00:26:15,597 the power. >> Right? 458 00:26:15,680 --> 00:26:17,357 >> The the net effect is solar is five 459 00:26:17,440 --> 00:26:21,917 times more uh any given solar panel will 460 00:26:22,000 --> 00:26:25,357 do five times more uh energy in space 461 00:26:25,440 --> 00:26:29,277 than uh on the ground. >> Is there any capacity in doing that and 462 00:26:29,360 --> 00:26:33,517 and then taking that power and bringing it back to earth? Is there any way of 463 00:26:33,600 --> 00:26:35,197 doing that or or you're just taking that 464 00:26:35,280 --> 00:26:37,277 power and utilizing it for the needs 465 00:26:37,360 --> 00:26:42,237 like building um u AI data centers in 466 00:26:42,320 --> 00:26:45,357 the space? I I I think the the case it's 467 00:26:45,440 --> 00:26:50,397 it's a no-brainer for building uh AI solar powered AI data centers in space. 468 00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:53,597 Um because as you mentioned it's it's also very cold in space. If you're if 469 00:26:53,680 --> 00:26:57,917 you're if you're in the shadow uh then it's it's very cold in space just 3° 470 00:26:58,000 --> 00:27:00,397 Kelvin. So you just have you have solar 471 00:27:00,480 --> 00:27:04,477 panels facing the sun and then uh a uh 472 00:27:04,560 --> 00:27:09,357 radiator that's like point like pointed away from the sun. Um so it has no sun 473 00:27:09,440 --> 00:27:12,317 incident and then it's and then it's just cooling. It's a very efficient 474 00:27:12,400 --> 00:27:15,757 cooling system. So 475 00:27:15,840 --> 00:27:17,917 uh net net effect is that the lowest 476 00:27:18,000 --> 00:27:21,677 cost place to put AI will be space and 477 00:27:21,760 --> 00:27:27,037 that and that'll be true within two years maybe three three at the latest. 478 00:27:27,120 --> 00:27:31,197 >> Wow. So looking 10 or 20 years out um what 479 00:27:31,280 --> 00:27:33,517 would how would you describe success 480 00:27:33,600 --> 00:27:36,877 with AI or space technology and where do 481 00:27:36,960 --> 00:27:39,917 you see it is that can you are you more 482 00:27:40,000 --> 00:27:45,197 certain what's going to happen in the next three years or or five or 10 483 00:27:45,280 --> 00:27:49,357 >> I don't know what's going to happen in 10 years but the rate at which AI is 484 00:27:49,440 --> 00:27:51,437 progressing 485 00:27:51,520 --> 00:27:53,437 I think we 486 00:27:53,520 --> 00:27:57,037 we're we might have AI that is smarter 487 00:27:57,120 --> 00:27:59,357 than any human by the end of this year. 488 00:27:59,440 --> 00:28:01,757 Um and and I would say no later than next year. 489 00:28:01,840 --> 00:28:03,117 >> Wow. 490 00:28:03,200 --> 00:28:07,597 >> Um and then probably by 2030 or 2031, 491 00:28:07,680 --> 00:28:10,157 call it 5 years from now, 492 00:28:10,240 --> 00:28:16,637 uh AI will be smarter than uh all of humanity collectively. 493 00:28:16,720 --> 00:28:19,997 >> We only have a number of minutes left, but I want I want to humanize you for a 494 00:28:20,080 --> 00:28:23,437 second >> so there's no speculation that you're 495 00:28:23,520 --> 00:28:27,837 talking about peace. >> Right. Right. I want to I mean I would 496 00:28:27,920 --> 00:28:29,837 frame this question by you are the most 497 00:28:29,920 --> 00:28:32,317 successful entrepreneur industrialist in 498 00:28:32,400 --> 00:28:35,757 the 21st century maybe beyond. Um, I 499 00:28:35,840 --> 00:28:39,517 want to so I want to really get this, you know, what inspired you? Who's 500 00:28:39,600 --> 00:28:43,517 inspired you? What was the foundation of of your 501 00:28:43,600 --> 00:28:45,117 curiosity? 502 00:28:45,200 --> 00:28:48,477 And and importantly, what was the what 503 00:28:48,560 --> 00:28:51,117 was it? Was there a aha moment, an 504 00:28:51,200 --> 00:28:55,997 epiphany at any time in your life and career? 505 00:28:56,080 --> 00:28:59,837 >> Well, um, I mean, as a kid, I read a lot of 506 00:28:59,920 --> 00:29:02,317 science fiction, sci-fi, fantasy books. 507 00:29:02,400 --> 00:29:03,277 >> Yep. we talked about 508 00:29:03,360 --> 00:29:07,357 >> um and uh comic books uh and I always 509 00:29:07,440 --> 00:29:09,837 liked technology. Uh I didn't expect to 510 00:29:09,920 --> 00:29:12,317 be where I am today seems incredibly 511 00:29:12,400 --> 00:29:16,397 implausible. Um but uh yeah, I was I was 512 00:29:16,480 --> 00:29:18,157 inspired by reading about books about 513 00:29:18,240 --> 00:29:21,437 the future about science fiction and uh 514 00:29:21,520 --> 00:29:25,597 and I guess I want to make science fiction not fiction forever at some 515 00:29:25,680 --> 00:29:27,357 point turn science fiction to science 516 00:29:27,440 --> 00:29:31,437 fact. Um, and uh, 517 00:29:31,520 --> 00:29:35,597 you know, we want to have like Starfleet 518 00:29:35,680 --> 00:29:39,997 and Star Star Trek really for for real, like where we actually have giant 519 00:29:40,080 --> 00:29:44,237 spaceships traveling through space, going to other planets, traveling to 520 00:29:44,320 --> 00:29:49,037 other star systems. >> Be beamed up to go back to New York. 521 00:29:49,120 --> 00:29:51,117 >> You know, I I'd like to just be beamed 522 00:29:51,200 --> 00:29:55,197 back to New York instead of flying. 523 00:29:55,280 --> 00:29:58,397 >> Yeah. um 524 00:29:58,480 --> 00:30:02,557 talk about Star Trek. >> No, I guess my my central I what I would 525 00:30:02,640 --> 00:30:04,397 call the phil philosoph philosophy of 526 00:30:04,480 --> 00:30:07,277 curiosity. I'd like to understand um the 527 00:30:07,360 --> 00:30:11,277 meaning of life, you know, the is the 528 00:30:11,360 --> 00:30:14,317 standard model of is a standard model of physics correct 529 00:30:14,400 --> 00:30:17,437 >> regarding the beginning of life, beginning of existence and the end of 530 00:30:17,520 --> 00:30:20,317 the universe. Um what what questions do 531 00:30:20,400 --> 00:30:23,037 we not know to ask that we should ask? 532 00:30:23,120 --> 00:30:28,397 Um, and AI will help us with these things. Um, so I'm just trying to 533 00:30:28,480 --> 00:30:32,237 understand how do we get here? What's going on? What's real? Are there aliens? 534 00:30:32,320 --> 00:30:36,557 Maybe they are. Um, and if if we've got if we got spaceships that are traveling 535 00:30:36,640 --> 00:30:39,117 to other star systems, uh, we may find 536 00:30:39,200 --> 00:30:41,837 we may encounter aliens and or we may 537 00:30:41,920 --> 00:30:44,877 find many long dead alien civilizations. 538 00:30:44,960 --> 00:30:48,717 But I I I'm just I just I just want to know what's going on. kind of curious 539 00:30:48,800 --> 00:30:51,597 about the the universe and 540 00:30:51,680 --> 00:30:53,117 um 541 00:30:53,200 --> 00:30:56,077 that's my philosophy. 542 00:30:56,160 --> 00:31:00,877 >> Do you see yourself ever going to Mars in your lifetime? 543 00:31:00,960 --> 00:31:04,797 >> Uh yeah, I mean I would say like I you know I >> That's a long commitment. 544 00:31:04,880 --> 00:31:07,677 >> I've been asked >> wasn't that three years each way? 545 00:31:07,760 --> 00:31:10,637 >> Uh it's six months. >> Six months. That's all it is? 546 00:31:10,720 --> 00:31:12,157 >> Yeah, six months. But the planets only 547 00:31:12,240 --> 00:31:13,997 align every every two years. 548 00:31:14,080 --> 00:31:17,757 >> Okay. So, uh, yeah, I've been asked a 549 00:31:17,840 --> 00:31:20,717 few times like, "Do I want to, you know, 550 00:31:20,800 --> 00:31:27,000 die on Mars?" And I'm like, "Yes, but just not on impact." 551 00:31:29,440 --> 00:31:30,637 That's a good That's a good answer. 552 00:31:30,720 --> 00:31:32,797 Anyway, uh, we're out of time. I 553 00:31:32,880 --> 00:31:36,317 hopefully everybody enjoyed this. Um, I 554 00:31:36,400 --> 00:31:37,997 mean, there's so many myths around Elon 555 00:31:38,080 --> 00:31:40,637 Musk. I could tell you he's a great 556 00:31:40,720 --> 00:31:43,597 friend and I constantly learn so much 557 00:31:43,680 --> 00:31:47,597 from him. Um, and I'm totally inspired 558 00:31:47,680 --> 00:31:51,837 by what he's what he has done. 559 00:31:51,920 --> 00:31:55,357 I've been inspired who he is and I'm 560 00:31:55,440 --> 00:31:57,597 totally inspired by his vision of the 561 00:31:57,680 --> 00:31:59,997 future and I don't think it's such a bad 562 00:32:00,080 --> 00:32:02,477 future and I agree with his optimism. So 563 00:32:02,560 --> 00:32:06,877 Elon, thank you. Any last words? Um 564 00:32:06,960 --> 00:32:09,997 >> um well I think generally I think my 565 00:32:10,080 --> 00:32:14,237 last words would be I would encourage everyone to be optimistic and excited 566 00:32:14,320 --> 00:32:16,237 about the future. >> Good. 567 00:32:16,320 --> 00:32:18,717 >> Um and and and generally I think for 568 00:32:18,800 --> 00:32:21,517 quality of life it is actually better to 569 00:32:21,600 --> 00:32:24,317 on the side of being an optimist and 570 00:32:24,400 --> 00:32:27,997 wrong rather than a pessimist and right. 571 00:32:28,080 --> 00:32:31,480 On that note, 572 00:32:43,520 --> 00:32:47,080 I think you needed