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What keeps us healthy
and happy as we go through life?

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If you were going to invest
now in your future best self,

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where would you put
your time and your energy?

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There was a recent survey of millennials

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asking them what their most
important life goals were,

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and over 80 percent said that a major
life goal for them was to get rich.

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And another 50 percent of those same young
adults said that another major life goal

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was to become famous.

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(Laughter)

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And we're constantly told
to lean in to work, to push harder

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and achieve more.

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We're given the impression that these
are the things that we need to go after

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in order to have a good life.
Pictures of entire lives,

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of the choices that people make
and how those choices work out for them,

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those pictures are
almost impossible to get.

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Most of what we know about human life

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we know from asking people
to remember the past,

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and as we know, hindsight
is anything but 20/20.

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We forget vast amounts
of what happens to us in life,

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and sometimes memory
is downright creative.

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But what if we could watch entire lives

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as they unfold through time?

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What if we could study people
from the time that they were teenagers

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all the way into old age to see what
really keeps people happy and healthy?

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We did that.

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The Harvard Study of Adult Development

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may be the longest study of adult
life that's ever been done.

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For 75 years, we've tracked
the lives of 724 men,

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year after year, asking about their work,
their home lives, their health,

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and of course asking all along the way
without knowing how their life stories

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were going to turn out.

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Studies like this are exceedingly rare.

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Almost all projects of this kind
fall apart within a decade

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because too many people
drop out of the study,

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or funding for the research dries up,
or the researchers get distracted,

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or they die, and nobody moves
the ball further down the field.

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But through a combination of luck

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and the persistence of several generations
of researchers, this study has survived.

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About 60 of our original
724 men are still alive,

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still participating in the study,
most of them in their 90s.

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And we are now beginning to study
the more than 2,000 children of these men.

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And I'm the fourth director of the study.

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Since 1938, we've tracked
the lives of two groups of men.

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The first group started in the study when
they were sophomores at Harvard College.

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They all finished college
during World War II,

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and then most went off
to serve in the war.

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And the second group that we've followed

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was a group of boys from Boston's
poorest neighborhoods,

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boys who were chosen for the study

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specifically because they were
from some of the most troubled

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and disadvantaged families
in the Boston of the 1930s.

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Most lived in tenements,
many without hot and cold running water.

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When they entered the study,
all of these teenagers were interviewed.

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They were given medical exams.

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We went to their homes and we
interviewed their parents.

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And then these teenagers grew up into
adults who entered all walks of life.

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They became factory workers
and lawyers and bricklayers and doctors,

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one President of the United States.

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Some developed alcoholism.
A few developed schizophrenia.

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Some climbed the social ladder from
the bottom all the way to the very top,

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and some made that journey
in the opposite direction.

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The founders of this study would
never in their wildest dreams

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have imagined that I would be
standing here today, 75 years later,

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telling you that the
study still continues.

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Every two years, our patient
and dedicated research staff

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calls up our men and asks
them if we can send them

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yet one more set of questions
about their lives.

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Many of the inner city Boston men ask us,

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"Why do you keep wanting to study me?
My life just isn't that interesting."

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The Harvard men never ask that question.

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(Laughter)

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To get the clearest
picture of these lives,

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we don't just send them questionnaires.

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We interview them in their living rooms.

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We get their medical
records from their doctors.

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We draw their blood, we scan their
brains, we talk to their children.

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We videotape them talking with their
wives about their deepest concerns.

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And when, about a decade ago,
we finally asked the wives

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if they would join us
as members of the study,

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many of the women said,
"You know, it's about time."

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(Laughter) So what have we learned?

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What are the lessons that come
from the tens of thousands of pages

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of information that we've
generated on these lives?

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Well, the lessons aren't about wealth
or fame or working harder and harder.

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The clearest message that we get
from this 75-year study is this:

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Good relationships keep us
happier and healthier. Period.

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We've learned three big
lessons about relationships.

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The first is that social
connections are really good for us,

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and that loneliness kills.

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It turns out that people who
are more socially connected

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to family, to friends, to community,

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are happier, they're physically
healthier, and they live longer

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than people who are less well connected.

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And the experience of loneliness
turns out to be toxic.

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People who are more isolated
than they want to be from others

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find that they are less happy,
their health declines earlier in midlife,

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their brain functioning declines sooner

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and they live shorter lives
than people who are not lonely.

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And the sad fact
is that at any given time,

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more than one in five Americans
will report that they're lonely.

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And we know that you can be lonely in a
crowd and you can be lonely in a marriage,

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so the second big lesson that we learned

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is that it's not just
the number of friends you have,

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and it's not whether or not
you're in a committed relationship,

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but it's the quality of your close
relationships that matters.

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It turns out that living in the midst
of conflict is really bad for our health.

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High-conflict marriages,
for example, without much affection,

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turn out to be very bad for our health,
perhaps worse than getting divorced.

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And living in the midst of good,
warm relationships is protective.

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Once we had followed our men
all the way into their 80s,

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we wanted to look back at them
at midlife and to see if we could predict

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who was going to grow into a happy,
healthy octogenarian and who wasn't.

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And when we gathered together
everything we knew about them at age 50,

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it wasn't their middle
age cholesterol levels

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that predicted how they
were going to grow old.

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It was how satisfied they
were in their relationships.

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The people who were the most satisfied
in their relationships at age 50

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were the healthiest at age 80.

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And good, close relationships
seem to buffer us

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from some of the slings
and arrows of getting old.

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Our most happily partnered men
and women reported, in their 80s,

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that on the days when they
had more physical pain,

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their mood stayed just as happy.

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But the people who were
in unhappy relationships,

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on the days when they
reported more physical pain,

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it was magnified by more emotional pain.

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And the third big lesson that we learned
about relationships and our health

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is that good relationships
don't just protect our bodies,

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they protect our brains.

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It turns out that being in a
securely attached relationship

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to another person
in your 80s is protective,

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that the people who are in relationships

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where they really feel they can count
on the other person in times of need,

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those people's memories
stay sharper longer.

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And the people in relationships

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where they feel they really
can't count on the other one,

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those are the people who
experience earlier memory decline.

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And those good relationships,
they don't have to be smooth all the time.

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Some of our octogenarian couples could
bicker with each other day in and day out,

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but as long as they felt that they
could really count on the other

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when the going got tough, those arguments
didn't take a toll on their memories.

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So this message,

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that good, close relationships are
good for our health and well-being,

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this is wisdom that's as old as the hills.

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Why is this so hard to get
and so easy to ignore?

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Well, we're human. What we'd really
like is a quick fix, something we can get

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that'll make our lives
good and keep them that way.

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Relationships are messy
and they're complicated

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and the hard work of tending to family
and friends, it's not sexy or glamorous.

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It's also lifelong. It never ends.

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The people in our 75-year study
who were the happiest in retirement

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were the people who had actively worked
to replace workmates with new playmates.

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Just like the millennials
in that recent survey,

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many of our men when they were
starting out as young adults

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really believed that fame
and wealth and high achievement

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were what they needed to go
after to have a good life.

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But over and over, over these
75 years, our study has shown

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that the people who fared the best were
the people who leaned in to relationships,

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with family, with friends, with community.

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So what about you? Let's say you're 25,
or you're 40, or you're 60.

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What might leaning in to
relationships even look like?

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Well, the possibilities
are practically endless.

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It might be something as simple
as replacing screen time with people time

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or livening up a stale relationship
by doing something new together,

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long walks or date nights,

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or reaching out to that family member
who you haven't spoken to in years,

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because those all-too-common
family feuds take a terrible toll

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on the people who hold the grudges.

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I'd like to close with
a quote from Mark Twain.

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More than a century ago, he was looking
back on his life, and he wrote this:

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"There isn't time, so brief is life,

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for bickerings, apologies,
heartburnings, callings to account.

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There is only time for loving, and
but an instant, so to speak, for that."

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The good life is built
with good relationships.

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Thank you. (Applause)