WEBVTT 00:00:00.000 --> 00:00:03.000 Heat. 00:00:03.930 --> 00:00:05.950 [applause] 00:00:25.120 --> 00:00:28.120 Heat. 00:00:45.360 --> 00:00:49.757 For the following interview, Francis Suarez, mayor of the city of Miami, 00:00:49.840 --> 00:00:54.600 takes the stage of America Business Forum. 00:00:57.840 --> 00:01:01.160 You got it. 00:01:01.680 --> 00:01:03.457 >> He's unflapable. He didn't even move 00:01:03.540 --> 00:01:07.517 [laughter] when the the smoke went up. 00:01:07.600 --> 00:01:10.077 So, Eric, this is the second time that I 00:01:10.160 --> 00:01:12.637 have the privilege to be able to 00:01:12.720 --> 00:01:15.037 interview you. So, uh, I'm very excited 00:01:15.120 --> 00:01:20.077 about this. Um, by the way, mayor, I I have to 00:01:20.160 --> 00:01:23.357 interrupt. I'm very interested in Shakespeare 00:01:23.440 --> 00:01:27.037 sonnetss. So, I just wrote one. It's about you. 00:01:27.120 --> 00:01:32.397 >> Okay. >> It's entitled Upon the Excellence of Mayor Suarez. 00:01:32.480 --> 00:01:32.797 >> Please. 00:01:32.880 --> 00:01:36.797 >> When first Miami's helm he took in hand, 00:01:36.880 --> 00:01:40.717 a city poised between oceans azure deep 00:01:40.800 --> 00:01:43.117 and futures promise vast throughout the 00:01:43.200 --> 00:01:46.317 land. He swed where others scarce had 00:01:46.400 --> 00:01:48.557 dared to reap. 00:01:48.640 --> 00:01:52.157 With vision bold as concistadors of old, 00:01:52.240 --> 00:01:54.397 he brought forth commerce, tech, and 00:01:54.480 --> 00:01:57.757 innovations art, made Miami shine as 00:01:57.840 --> 00:02:01.117 cities rot of gold, and placed our fair 00:02:01.200 --> 00:02:05.037 metropolis apart. It continues, don't worry. 00:02:05.120 --> 00:02:07.357 >> Okay. 00:02:07.440 --> 00:02:10.077 >> Through tempest rage and plague's most 00:02:10.160 --> 00:02:13.517 grievous tests, he stood as a bull work 00:02:13.600 --> 00:02:15.677 against adversity's tide. led his 00:02:15.760 --> 00:02:18.717 citizens with courage in his breast and 00:02:18.800 --> 00:02:22.477 made our city known far and wide. So 00:02:22.560 --> 00:02:26.397 shall his legacy in marble stand. The 00:02:26.480 --> 00:02:29.677 mayor who raised Miami's fortune grand. 00:02:29.760 --> 00:02:33.980 Mayor Suarez, [applause] 00:02:35.840 --> 00:02:39.037 >> this is the kind of stuff we can do with AI. 00:02:39.120 --> 00:02:43.517 >> I was going to say I was going to say >> it took me about two seconds. 00:02:43.600 --> 00:02:45.357 >> Okay. So, so now you're gonna make me 00:02:45.440 --> 00:02:46.877 tell a story. This is completely off 00:02:46.960 --> 00:02:51.277 script. So, I was asked to 00:02:51.360 --> 00:02:55.037 open the consulate of Morocco. Now, 00:02:55.120 --> 00:02:59.037 usually, as you know, Eric, we get when we go to events, we get talking points. 00:02:59.120 --> 00:03:02.477 People give us talking points and all that. [snorts] And so, I had not been 00:03:02.560 --> 00:03:05.837 reading my talking points lately. So, I had been telling my staff, "Why don't 00:03:05.920 --> 00:03:09.037 you just give me one or two bullet points wherever I go, and I'll weave a 00:03:09.120 --> 00:03:12.557 story into it." Well, I go to um you 00:03:12.640 --> 00:03:17.757 know, open up the consulate of of Morocco and there's only two bullet 00:03:17.840 --> 00:03:20.717 points. Bullet point number one is that there's direct flights to Casablanca. 00:03:20.800 --> 00:03:22.637 Bullet point number two is that it's the 00:03:22.720 --> 00:03:25.197 third consulate in America for Morocco. 00:03:25.280 --> 00:03:28.397 Not that much to go on, right? So, as 00:03:28.480 --> 00:03:30.077 I'm being introduced, I literally pull 00:03:30.160 --> 00:03:32.477 my phone out of my pocket and I have the 00:03:32.560 --> 00:03:37.117 chat GPT prompt on the phone and I speaking to the phone. 00:03:37.200 --> 00:03:38.957 >> I would use Gemini. Of course I have the 00:03:39.040 --> 00:03:43.357 Gemini prompt. That's what I meant. Uh, yes, of course I meant I I meant Gemini. 00:03:43.440 --> 00:03:45.517 Of course, I have the Gemini prompt and 00:03:45.600 --> 00:03:50.077 I speak clearly into the Gemini prompt. 00:03:50.160 --> 00:03:52.717 Stand correctly. [applause] 00:03:52.800 --> 00:03:55.837 Know your audience. KYC. So, I have the 00:03:55.920 --> 00:03:59.917 Gemini prompt and I say, "Pretend you're the mayor of Miami and you're about to 00:04:00.000 --> 00:04:02.717 open the Moroccan consulate and you only 00:04:02.800 --> 00:04:07.037 have two facts. Fact [laughter] number one is there's direct flights to Monaco. 00:04:07.120 --> 00:04:08.317 Pretend you're the mayor of Miami. 00:04:08.400 --> 00:04:10.797 >> Pretend you're the mayor of Miami, [laughter] right? Fact number one is 00:04:10.880 --> 00:04:14.317 direct flight to Casablanca. Fact number two, it's a third consulate opening in 00:04:14.400 --> 00:04:17.437 the US. What would you say? Before they 00:04:17.520 --> 00:04:19.357 finished introducing me and before I 00:04:19.440 --> 00:04:22.717 walked the stage, Gemini had written 00:04:22.800 --> 00:04:25.037 this entire speech for me. I read it 00:04:25.120 --> 00:04:28.637 word for word. People were crying, 00:04:28.720 --> 00:04:31.597 laughing, hugging me. You know our 00:04:31.680 --> 00:04:34.077 country so well, Mr. Mayor. How have you 00:04:34.160 --> 00:04:37.117 known about us so much and so deep? So 00:04:37.200 --> 00:04:41.277 yes, thank you for that incredible >> so 00:04:41.360 --> 00:04:44.237 >> true story by the way. >> And one more piece of congratulations 00:04:44.320 --> 00:04:46.797 which I'm sure you'll appreciate. No one 00:04:46.880 --> 00:04:49.037 has ever done an American business forum 00:04:49.120 --> 00:04:51.517 at this scale in America. This is an 00:04:51.600 --> 00:04:57.117 innovative mayor as well. Um, and I I I 00:04:57.200 --> 00:05:01.037 really want you to think about doing this all around America because business 00:05:01.120 --> 00:05:04.797 is what we do and America's growth depends on the kind of things we're 00:05:04.880 --> 00:05:08.477 talking about today. What's interesting is that about three, three and a half 00:05:08.560 --> 00:05:11.037 years ago, maybe four years ago, there's 00:05:11.120 --> 00:05:13.837 a moment in San Francisco where people 00:05:13.920 --> 00:05:17.277 realized that these models could write. 00:05:17.360 --> 00:05:20.077 And boy, could they write. >> Oh, yeah. 00:05:20.160 --> 00:05:22.477 >> That's a real discovery moment. It's one 00:05:22.560 --> 00:05:27.277 of those historic moments in history similar to physics and chemistry and 00:05:27.360 --> 00:05:30.717 things like that. >> It's incredibly disruptive and uh and I 00:05:30.800 --> 00:05:34.237 appreciate the the comments and of course it's a it's a team effort. Nacho 00:05:34.320 --> 00:05:38.157 who vision it was to bring it from Uruguay Sergio who's our big investor. 00:05:38.240 --> 00:05:42.157 Where are you Sergio? You're here somewhere. I'm sure um he'll be here any 00:05:42.240 --> 00:05:45.597 minute. Steve who helped me my cousin who helped me put this together. But 00:05:45.680 --> 00:05:47.677 let's get back to the interview. Um, you 00:05:47.760 --> 00:05:53.197 know, Eric, you're obviously a world-renowned figure and tech pioneer. 00:05:53.280 --> 00:05:57.677 Did you have an inkling that you were destined for greatness? Um, what was it 00:05:57.760 --> 00:05:59.837 about you, about your DNA? Was it your 00:05:59.920 --> 00:06:04.797 tenacity? I mean, what is the sort of the components of you that made you 00:06:04.880 --> 00:06:07.917 supersede? >> I think the most important thing to say 00:06:08.000 --> 00:06:10.317 anyone who's on stage here start with 00:06:10.400 --> 00:06:13.437 luck. I was lucky to be born now. I was 00:06:13.520 --> 00:06:18.477 lucky to be born in America. My parents were academics. uh I had an awful lot of 00:06:18.560 --> 00:06:22.557 people who helped get me through the various stages of life. One of the 00:06:22.640 --> 00:06:25.437 things that we who are now older owe the 00:06:25.520 --> 00:06:27.917 younger people is to give them the same 00:06:28.000 --> 00:06:32.637 opportunity, right? It's really important and and I 00:06:32.720 --> 00:06:34.797 was thinking about what what should be a 00:06:34.880 --> 00:06:37.917 theme for this audience and the everyone 00:06:38.000 --> 00:06:40.317 in America is obsessed about everything 00:06:40.400 --> 00:06:42.877 except for one thing which is the human 00:06:42.960 --> 00:06:45.357 talent and the human talent of America 00:06:45.440 --> 00:06:50.477 is why we are exceptional. Focus on humans. Focus on their education and 00:06:50.560 --> 00:06:53.357 their culture and their development and their curiosity and their energy and 00:06:53.440 --> 00:06:56.797 their tenacity and so forth and help them with the various travailes that 00:06:56.880 --> 00:06:58.957 happen in life. Focus on the humans of 00:06:59.040 --> 00:07:03.197 America. It's the only answer. 00:07:03.280 --> 00:07:07.197 >> You know, [applause] you're a great leader. You've been a 00:07:07.280 --> 00:07:10.877 great mentor to me and friend >> and you're an incredible coach and I 00:07:10.960 --> 00:07:14.397 think and you've I've read some books on some of the people who coached you. Um, 00:07:14.480 --> 00:07:19.197 what's the coaching habit that you think you consistently use to raise a level of 00:07:19.280 --> 00:07:22.797 the team? >> So, I wrote a book about So, I had a coach name 00:07:22.880 --> 00:07:23.837 >> This is the book I read, by the way. 00:07:23.920 --> 00:07:26.237 >> Yeah, that's right. We we actually talked about it. I had a I had a coach 00:07:26.320 --> 00:07:30.877 named Bill Campbell. And when I started at Google, the venture capitalist, John 00:07:30.960 --> 00:07:33.997 Door, said, "You need a coach." And I said, "I'm a big boy. I've run a lot of 00:07:34.080 --> 00:07:38.237 companies. I don't need a coach." And he said to me, "Do tennis players have 00:07:38.320 --> 00:07:43.437 coaches?" >> Absolutely. >> And I I knew he had trapped me, right? 00:07:43.520 --> 00:07:46.717 Because the answer is, of course, they do, even though they may not be as good 00:07:46.800 --> 00:07:49.677 as the actual tennis player. Coaches do 00:07:49.760 --> 00:07:53.757 different things. And so we we hired retained, if you will, Bill Campbell for 00:07:53.840 --> 00:07:56.157 free. U became my best friend at the 00:07:56.240 --> 00:07:59.517 time. And what he coached was not an 00:07:59.600 --> 00:08:02.637 individual but a team. And the thing I 00:08:02.720 --> 00:08:05.757 learned from Bill is as a CEO you manage 00:08:05.840 --> 00:08:09.677 the team. You don't manage the individuals. And you work on the team 00:08:09.760 --> 00:08:13.757 dynamics, but fundamentally it's a team sport. He was a football coach and a and 00:08:13.840 --> 00:08:17.117 not a particularly good one. But he was an extraordinary human leader. And 00:08:17.200 --> 00:08:21.437 there's a book trillion dollar coach. If we were to write the book today, he died 00:08:21.520 --> 00:08:26.557 unfortunately some years ago. Uh, it would be called the $7 trillion coach 00:08:26.640 --> 00:08:30.397 because he was the coach for Apple and Google. Think about it. 00:08:30.480 --> 00:08:31.997 >> I think it was a Princeton coach, right? 00:08:32.080 --> 00:08:34.877 >> No. >> Colia. >> Colia. >> And his [clears throat] winning record 00:08:34.960 --> 00:08:36.957 was terrible. >> Like 0 and 10 or something like that. 00:08:37.040 --> 00:08:37.597 Yeah. 00:08:37.680 --> 00:08:40.957 >> So, but but leadership but but I now 00:08:41.040 --> 00:08:44.477 understand that I needed coaching, my 00:08:44.560 --> 00:08:46.317 team needed coaching, and the way I 00:08:46.400 --> 00:08:51.597 manage is I manage as sort of CEO and coach. and you watch what's going on and 00:08:51.680 --> 00:08:55.117 you try to get people to work together and there are various techniques like 00:08:55.200 --> 00:08:58.877 let tell the people who talk too much so let the people who don't talk as much 00:08:58.960 --> 00:09:03.037 talk more I mean stuff like that >> you know I also didn't believe that much 00:09:03.120 --> 00:09:06.077 in coaching and my coach is probably somewhere here in the audience Louis 00:09:06.160 --> 00:09:07.837 Arau I don't know if Louis is here 00:09:07.920 --> 00:09:09.997 somewhere there he is there's my coach 00:09:10.080 --> 00:09:14.477 right there he's a he's a great guy so 00:09:14.560 --> 00:09:18.877 for someone that's starting out in tech what's sort of the mindset or the 00:09:18.960 --> 00:09:23.197 practice that you think is going to compound the most over the next decade. 00:09:23.280 --> 00:09:25.757 >> So if you look at success, it's a 00:09:25.840 --> 00:09:27.997 combination of intelligence that is 00:09:28.080 --> 00:09:31.117 ability to do the work and grit. And I 00:09:31.200 --> 00:09:35.837 would add intelligence, grit and curiosity. When I was young, I was a 00:09:35.920 --> 00:09:39.117 sponge for everything because I didn't seem to know anything or I thought I 00:09:39.200 --> 00:09:43.757 knew nothing. And the internet had not really been invented yet. It was just 00:09:43.840 --> 00:09:47.837 getting started. And so we didn't have the resources we have today. If I were a 00:09:47.920 --> 00:09:52.237 16 or 18year-old or 20-year-old, whatever right now, I would be online 00:09:52.320 --> 00:09:55.517 all the time just learning because I would be curious and I want to know 00:09:55.600 --> 00:09:58.957 everything. Mayor, tell me about yourself. Tell me about your family. 00:09:59.040 --> 00:10:00.317 Tell me what you did. How did you get 00:10:00.400 --> 00:10:02.957 here? What are the problems? 00:10:03.040 --> 00:10:06.077 >> And I train myself to to look at 00:10:06.160 --> 00:10:08.637 businesses and say, "How do they work?" 00:10:08.720 --> 00:10:10.077 Right? Like, "How does this place work? 00:10:10.160 --> 00:10:13.117 How did you fund this? What was it your idea? Who did you work with?" 00:10:13.200 --> 00:10:17.917 >> Pain, right? But but that's grit, >> right? So you have to have the 00:10:18.000 --> 00:10:21.437 intelligence. I have all sorts of friends who are brilliant who can't get 00:10:21.520 --> 00:10:25.277 through the day, right? They wake up, they have an idea, they have another 00:10:25.360 --> 00:10:29.277 idea. Nothing happens with them. It's the people who have an idea that's very 00:10:29.360 --> 00:10:33.277 clever and they have the tenacity to push it. Those things come from 00:10:33.360 --> 00:10:38.637 curiosity. Another example, and this I think the technology that we're in is so 00:10:38.720 --> 00:10:41.357 extraordinary and I'm so excited about it, but there are some things we've 00:10:41.440 --> 00:10:44.077 lost. One of them is that we've lost is 00:10:44.160 --> 00:10:46.557 the looking out the window phenomena. 00:10:46.640 --> 00:10:50.477 And there's some evidence that looking out the window is fundamentally 00:10:50.560 --> 00:10:54.397 important for curiosity. So here's an example for all of you. When you're 00:10:54.480 --> 00:10:58.957 leaving here today sometime, turn off your phone, tell everyone who's 00:10:59.040 --> 00:11:01.357 around you to shut up in a nice way and 00:11:01.440 --> 00:11:04.557 look out the window and daydream. 00:11:04.640 --> 00:11:08.477 That daydream is is important, too, because that's how the creative thoughts 00:11:08.560 --> 00:11:12.157 come. >> Yeah. Amazing. I mean look, I think for 00:11:12.240 --> 00:11:14.797 me failure uh has always been a great 00:11:14.880 --> 00:11:19.837 teacher. Pain as you as we said, what are the sort of high quality failures 00:11:19.920 --> 00:11:23.197 that you've had in your life that you think have sort of permanently changed 00:11:23.280 --> 00:11:26.877 how you think about the world or how you lead? 00:11:26.960 --> 00:11:28.637 >> I think when you're when you're running 00:11:28.720 --> 00:11:31.517 stuff, you make lots of mistakes. So I 00:11:31.600 --> 00:11:36.477 hold myself responsible for not getting ahead. We had the technology to do what 00:11:36.560 --> 00:11:40.877 Meta is doing now and we didn't implement it fast enough, right? That's 00:11:40.960 --> 00:11:42.717 what I hold myself responsible. 00:11:42.800 --> 00:11:46.077 >> Sure. >> Um but in general, if you just keep 00:11:46.160 --> 00:11:48.557 pushing it works and one of the key 00:11:48.640 --> 00:11:52.477 ideas about success is just keep doing 00:11:52.560 --> 00:11:55.357 stuff. Um what happens in organizations 00:11:55.440 --> 00:11:57.197 especially if I can be honest in middle 00:11:57.280 --> 00:11:59.917 age is every everything becomes sort of 00:12:00.000 --> 00:12:04.397 normal. And uh I was interested in in in 00:12:04.480 --> 00:12:07.197 the innovation culture of America. Uh I 00:12:07.280 --> 00:12:10.077 was Ken Burns is a friend of mine and I 00:12:10.160 --> 00:12:12.477 was watching him and he was he was asked 00:12:12.560 --> 00:12:15.597 is America in crisis and he said oh I 00:12:15.680 --> 00:12:18.237 think it's in perpetual crisis. We've 00:12:18.320 --> 00:12:19.997 always been disagreeing and our 00:12:20.080 --> 00:12:23.277 revolution is the thing. So when you 00:12:23.360 --> 00:12:25.917 understand when you understand that the 00:12:26.000 --> 00:12:29.117 system is not designed to be static, 00:12:29.200 --> 00:12:31.517 it's designed to be dynamic and it's a 00:12:31.600 --> 00:12:33.597 jump ball, then you can do it. I've 00:12:33.680 --> 00:12:36.557 consistently been slow to see that if I 00:12:36.640 --> 00:12:41.757 do self-criticism and I've consistently assumed that stable systems were always 00:12:41.840 --> 00:12:45.597 stable. Humans can always change the system if 00:12:45.680 --> 00:12:47.757 you need to figure out a way to change 00:12:47.840 --> 00:12:50.797 it to make it a better place, 00:12:50.880 --> 00:12:54.930 >> you know. >> [applause] 00:12:55.760 --> 00:12:58.797 >> You've run a big company. I'm running a billion and a half dollar company, which 00:12:58.880 --> 00:13:03.837 is the city of Miami with 5,000 employees and four labor unions. 00:13:03.920 --> 00:13:07.917 The decisions that we make and that we've made affect thousands of people. 00:13:08.000 --> 00:13:13.197 >> How do you deal with doubt in the face of understanding the implications of 00:13:13.280 --> 00:13:16.077 those decisions and how they impact people? 00:13:16.160 --> 00:13:19.357 I was talking to um um I've I've talked 00:13:19.440 --> 00:13:23.757 to the various presidents that I've had an an honor to meet and when you 00:13:23.840 --> 00:13:27.517 actually talk to how the president operates, there are moments in a 00:13:27.600 --> 00:13:29.277 presidency when the president makes a 00:13:29.360 --> 00:13:32.157 decision where they have no idea what's 00:13:32.240 --> 00:13:34.797 going to happen and yet they make the 00:13:34.880 --> 00:13:39.917 decision anyway. Uh that's I think how you have to operate. Obviously not uh 00:13:40.000 --> 00:13:41.117 none of us have that kind of 00:13:41.200 --> 00:13:44.157 responsibility, thank God. Um, but 00:13:44.240 --> 00:13:49.437 fundamentally if it gets to you, it shouldn't be an easy decision. The 00:13:49.520 --> 00:13:52.877 people who work for you should be able to handle these things. One way to think 00:13:52.960 --> 00:13:57.037 about it is the really complex problems are ones that you participate in. You 00:13:57.120 --> 00:14:01.837 lead the the you lead the team and you make a bet and you iterate and iterate 00:14:01.920 --> 00:14:05.917 and iterate. All success is fundamentally a genius and then 00:14:06.000 --> 00:14:10.317 iteration and and essentially just constant evolution. Um, and you're 00:14:10.400 --> 00:14:14.157 always failing. are always trying things that didn't work and so forth. One of 00:14:14.240 --> 00:14:16.557 the geniuses of America is that people 00:14:16.640 --> 00:14:21.277 who can go bankrupt can be rehired and become hugely successful. Many of my 00:14:21.360 --> 00:14:25.117 favorite entrepreneurs, the first I didn't work, the second I didn't work, 00:14:25.200 --> 00:14:27.037 the third I didn't work, and the fourth, 00:14:27.120 --> 00:14:31.277 boom. Right? So, never stop trying. 00:14:31.360 --> 00:14:36.397 On a similar note, when a project is deeply uncertain but potentially 00:14:36.480 --> 00:14:40.557 transformative, how do you communicate your vision 00:14:40.640 --> 00:14:44.397 and guide your team through that uncertainty? 00:14:44.480 --> 00:14:47.037 Um, what I try to do is I try to frame 00:14:47.120 --> 00:14:51.037 the question correctly. Usually, if you 00:14:51.120 --> 00:14:53.677 can ask, so let's start with the basic 00:14:53.760 --> 00:14:55.997 principle. Don't tell people to do, ask 00:14:56.080 --> 00:14:59.037 what people want to do, right? But frame 00:14:59.120 --> 00:15:03.357 the question. Okay, this is what we want to do. What is the best idea? Because 00:15:03.440 --> 00:15:06.717 frankly, people don't like to be told what to do. They like to be asked, 00:15:06.800 --> 00:15:09.277 right? And the key leadership is to 00:15:09.360 --> 00:15:13.837 frame the question or the goal in such a way that everyone kind of gets it. A 00:15:13.920 --> 00:15:17.597 simple rule is you have to repeat it at least 20 times before people believe 00:15:17.680 --> 00:15:20.237 you. So I I become very repetitive. 00:15:20.320 --> 00:15:24.157 Another thing I do, which may be going out of of favor because nobody uses 00:15:24.240 --> 00:15:28.477 email anymore, is I'm constantly writing down this is what I think, this is where 00:15:28.560 --> 00:15:32.077 we should do, what do you guys think, and so forth. So, it's it's much more 00:15:32.160 --> 00:15:36.877 interactive. Um, and the and the strategies evolve and then you get some 00:15:36.960 --> 00:15:40.957 great product manager who can brilliantly expose the result of this 00:15:41.040 --> 00:15:45.517 process, but it fundamentally starts from saying, what is our goal? So, we 00:15:45.600 --> 00:15:47.357 want to win. Okay, what does that mean? 00:15:47.440 --> 00:15:50.477 Another thing I do that works well is I 00:15:50.560 --> 00:15:53.277 start by saying where will we be in five 00:15:53.360 --> 00:15:56.877 years? Humans are terrible at predicting 00:15:56.960 --> 00:16:02.157 past the next six 6 12 months. Right? If you force people to say what will be 00:16:02.240 --> 00:16:06.637 true in five years, you get a very different answer. So here's an example. 00:16:06.720 --> 00:16:11.197 Uh the cost of AI tokens that is the delivery of queries is going down by a 00:16:11.280 --> 00:16:13.277 factor of 10 every year. 00:16:13.360 --> 00:16:16.397 >> Amazing. So 5 years 10 you know 10 to 00:16:16.480 --> 00:16:19.037 the 5th or sorry five to the what you 00:16:19.120 --> 00:16:21.357 you can do the math uh it's a very large 00:16:21.440 --> 00:16:27.277 number what happens when the cost of my little sonnet is so cheap it's just 00:16:27.360 --> 00:16:30.717 everywhere right >> right all in praise of you mayor >> of course 00:16:30.800 --> 00:16:34.397 >> um >> what does that mean think backward 00:16:34.480 --> 00:16:41.080 almost every business fails to understand the compounding of these technologies 00:16:41.200 --> 00:16:45.757 >> you know innovation is often referred to has managed chaos. 00:16:45.840 --> 00:16:49.437 >> How do you explain that sort of juxtaposition, that tension between 00:16:49.520 --> 00:16:51.597 managing and something that's somewhat 00:16:51.680 --> 00:16:55.037 organized or ordered and chaos? 00:16:55.120 --> 00:16:57.117 >> Um, it has to do with the structure of 00:16:57.200 --> 00:17:00.637 goals. You want to sit think a lot about 00:17:00.720 --> 00:17:05.277 goal alignment. In corporations, it's pretty easy because everybody has stock 00:17:05.360 --> 00:17:09.437 options. They have a common goal. It's much harder in what you do because 00:17:09.520 --> 00:17:13.837 there's multiple goals. So if I were you, if I were running running the the 00:17:13.920 --> 00:17:17.917 city, which fortunately you're doing and I'm not, I would sit down and say, "What 00:17:18.000 --> 00:17:20.797 are the real goals?" >> Priorities, >> right? 00:17:20.880 --> 00:17:23.997 >> Healthcare, safety, economic growth, 00:17:24.080 --> 00:17:27.117 welfare, uh inward, and I'd measure 00:17:27.200 --> 00:17:30.717 them. Set the goals, measure them, 00:17:30.800 --> 00:17:34.477 articulate them, repeat, repeat, repeat. 00:17:34.560 --> 00:17:37.677 So how do you protect true innovation 00:17:37.760 --> 00:17:40.797 from the bureaucracy that inevitably 00:17:40.880 --> 00:17:46.077 grows around that success and can stifle that same innovation 00:17:46.160 --> 00:17:50.397 >> in software which is what [clears throat] I've done from 50 years 00:17:50.480 --> 00:17:55.197 which is I think largely going away because AI is beginning to write software 00:17:55.280 --> 00:17:57.277 my simple rule was that three people 00:17:57.360 --> 00:17:59.597 would invent something new like the 00:17:59.680 --> 00:18:02.797 Chrome browser or you know the Android 00:18:02.880 --> 00:18:04.957 operating system or so forth and then it 00:18:05.040 --> 00:18:07.277 would take a thousand people to finish 00:18:07.360 --> 00:18:10.317 it and I kept thinking why do we need so 00:18:10.400 --> 00:18:12.957 many people and there's this constant 00:18:13.040 --> 00:18:16.077 problem of every team engineering team 00:18:16.160 --> 00:18:20.797 management team getting bigger and bigger you want lean teams the lesson 00:18:20.880 --> 00:18:25.277 over and over is lean teams another example I have a rule with the companies 00:18:25.360 --> 00:18:29.437 I'm running now that if we do new things you can only have 10 people you can't 00:18:29.520 --> 00:18:33.917 have 11 when we go into a new country you can have 10 people but not 11 00:18:34.000 --> 00:18:37.277 because I figure 10 people is a group that's kind of a manageable group. It's 00:18:37.360 --> 00:18:38.797 self-managing. They know each other. 00:18:38.880 --> 00:18:43.677 They can figure it out and so forth and you can judge the team. So what happens 00:18:43.760 --> 00:18:48.477 in in if you're if you're not disciplined about that is you get uh who 00:18:48.560 --> 00:18:50.557 people who I call glue people and I mean 00:18:50.640 --> 00:18:55.677 this in the most affectionate way. They are very nice people. They glue person A 00:18:55.760 --> 00:18:59.437 to person B and you discover you don't need them. Person A can talk to person B 00:18:59.520 --> 00:19:03.117 without the person in between. Yeah. And that glue person slows everything down. 00:19:03.200 --> 00:19:07.997 So time to decision, quickness, small teams and agile thinking is important. 00:19:08.080 --> 00:19:09.757 My experience in talking about this 00:19:09.840 --> 00:19:11.917 around the world is everyone goes like 00:19:12.000 --> 00:19:15.197 this. And this means I'm a human and I'm 00:19:15.280 --> 00:19:17.357 breathing and I'm listening to you. It 00:19:17.440 --> 00:19:19.517 does not mean I'm going to do anything. 00:19:19.600 --> 00:19:22.717 So if you hear these ideas, unless you 00:19:22.800 --> 00:19:27.757 implement the things I'm talking about, you won't get the benefit. Knowledge is 00:19:27.840 --> 00:19:31.677 not sufficient. you actually have to take the leadership and that's and 00:19:31.760 --> 00:19:33.917 that's when it gets tough because you're 00:19:34.000 --> 00:19:37.037 talking about uh very protected groups, 00:19:37.120 --> 00:19:39.597 protected individuals and so forth. The 00:19:39.680 --> 00:19:45.117 great business people know when to push those and when not to and that's a 00:19:45.200 --> 00:19:50.717 judgment. >> So, of course, moving on to AI. 00:19:50.800 --> 00:19:55.517 AI is going to be the most powerful tool humanity's ever created. It's also 00:19:55.600 --> 00:19:56.797 potentially going to be the most 00:19:56.880 --> 00:20:00.157 dangerous. Let's watch this clip. 00:20:00.240 --> 00:20:04.397 >> A new age has begun. One not written in ink but in code. 00:20:04.480 --> 00:20:09.357 >> This innovation, this arrival of this new alien incredible intelligence. 00:20:09.440 --> 00:20:11.357 >> Artificial intelligence. The most 00:20:11.440 --> 00:20:13.197 powerful tool humanity has ever [music] 00:20:13.280 --> 00:20:16.397 created and perhaps its greatest test. 00:20:16.480 --> 00:20:21.197 >> The most important thing that's going to happen in about 500 years, maybe a 00:20:21.280 --> 00:20:25.197 thousand years in human society. Few understand it better than Eric Schmidt, 00:20:25.280 --> 00:20:29.357 the man who helped shape the digital world as we know it. Today, he stands at 00:20:29.440 --> 00:20:33.357 the frontier of innovation and [music] responsibility, asking the question that 00:20:33.440 --> 00:20:36.077 will define our future. Can we control 00:20:36.160 --> 00:20:38.537 what we've created? The next revolution 00:20:38.620 --> 00:20:43.400 [music] isn't coming. It's already here. 00:20:46.160 --> 00:20:48.717 >> So, >> wow, that's that's as good as my son. 00:20:48.800 --> 00:20:52.237 >> Thank you. Good job. So I I'm going to go a little off script, more 00:20:52.320 --> 00:20:54.877 provocative, I told you. So is this sort 00:20:54.960 --> 00:20:58.717 of AI race really a race between 00:20:58.800 --> 00:21:02.557 hopefully the good guys outprogramming the bad guys? Is that what this race 00:21:02.640 --> 00:21:05.677 going to be? With more power, more 00:21:05.760 --> 00:21:10.477 compute, more sort of programming knowledge. Is that is that how this is 00:21:10.560 --> 00:21:12.077 going to go down? 00:21:12.160 --> 00:21:14.877 Well, the the race to build a nonhuman 00:21:14.960 --> 00:21:17.597 intelligence that we collaborate with is 00:21:17.680 --> 00:21:20.717 the defining event of our generation of 00:21:20.800 --> 00:21:24.237 our lifetimes. It will color everything. 00:21:24.320 --> 00:21:27.837 U the gains will be phenomenal. Uh one 00:21:27.920 --> 00:21:30.237 of my friends is dying of ALS. Can you 00:21:30.320 --> 00:21:33.597 imagine the value of a solution to that? 00:21:33.680 --> 00:21:38.637 It's horrible to see. And he's a great human being. Uh I I can go on and on 00:21:38.720 --> 00:21:40.477 about the tragedies that humans 00:21:40.560 --> 00:21:42.717 experience that these technologies can 00:21:42.800 --> 00:21:45.757 address. Healthcare is one obvious one. 00:21:45.840 --> 00:21:48.557 Um the arrival of intelligence for every 00:21:48.640 --> 00:21:52.797 single human being, right? Having an assistant that's as smart or smarter 00:21:52.880 --> 00:21:55.277 than you, the Einstein in the pocket. 00:21:55.360 --> 00:21:58.637 Just just imagine all of that. Um these 00:21:58.720 --> 00:22:03.997 things it's very hard to predict what will happen with this amount of new 00:22:04.080 --> 00:22:07.197 intelligent. Remember I said the most important are humans? Well, now we have 00:22:07.280 --> 00:22:12.237 humans plus the AI. There are plenty of downsides, right? And we can talk about 00:22:12.320 --> 00:22:14.157 them, but the most important thing is 00:22:14.240 --> 00:22:16.877 this stuff needs to be built in America 00:22:16.960 --> 00:22:19.517 on our values with our views. [applause] 00:22:19.600 --> 00:22:21.517 And I feel very very strongly about 00:22:21.600 --> 00:22:25.117 this. I want American I'll use the word 00:22:25.200 --> 00:22:28.077 liberalism in the classic sense. Um, 00:22:28.160 --> 00:22:32.397 America's rule of law, its individual freedom, its distrust of the government. 00:22:32.480 --> 00:22:34.877 Sorry. uh the the com the combination of 00:22:34.960 --> 00:22:38.637 that individualism the frontier um 00:22:38.720 --> 00:22:41.597 belief is really really important and 00:22:41.680 --> 00:22:45.197 we're on a revolutionary frontier here a 00:22:45.280 --> 00:22:49.757 simple example is imagine if the internet had been invented in China 00:22:49.840 --> 00:22:53.757 just think about it just think about how different it would be and how your 00:22:53.840 --> 00:22:57.517 different your experience would be on it >> by the way after that sonnet there's no 00:22:57.600 --> 00:23:03.037 offense taken whatsoever um so okay so first question was was a 00:23:03.120 --> 00:23:07.437 little bit provocative. I think my second question is the following. 00:23:07.520 --> 00:23:11.517 The acceleration of the intelligence is so profound 00:23:11.600 --> 00:23:15.197 that the question becomes are these systems going to have their own 00:23:15.280 --> 00:23:17.997 consciousness? >> And if they have their own 00:23:18.080 --> 00:23:21.357 consciousness, are they going to be able to make decisions independent of the 00:23:21.440 --> 00:23:25.197 prompting? Which means if they're smarter than us and they're 00:23:25.280 --> 00:23:27.917 independently prompted, can they figure 00:23:28.000 --> 00:23:32.717 out more intelligently than we can how to prevent us from turning them off? 00:23:32.800 --> 00:23:36.317 >> Yes. You're now writing a movie script that I think we're going to see a lot of 00:23:36.400 --> 00:23:40.877 movies written about. So for a bit of background right now, these AI systems 00:23:40.960 --> 00:23:45.277 are prompted by humans. The technical term is called prompt engineering. And 00:23:45.360 --> 00:23:48.717 young people in college will go to prompt engineering class where they'll 00:23:48.800 --> 00:23:53.517 learn how to manipulate these models in really, really powerful ways. That's not 00:23:53.600 --> 00:23:58.077 general intelligence. That's special intelligence. So if I'm a physicist, 00:23:58.160 --> 00:24:00.957 which I'm not, I'll have my physics assistant and I'll say, "I have the 00:24:01.040 --> 00:24:04.477 following idea." And the physics assistant will say, "Well, I I've 00:24:04.560 --> 00:24:06.477 analyzed that. Here's a better idea for 00:24:06.560 --> 00:24:08.557 you." But the invocation or the 00:24:08.640 --> 00:24:12.557 initiation occurs from the human. The 00:24:12.640 --> 00:24:17.037 question is when do these systems when are they able to initiate on their own? 00:24:17.120 --> 00:24:20.397 The technical term for that is called recursive self-improvement. They just 00:24:20.480 --> 00:24:22.717 naturally learning and getting smarter. 00:24:22.800 --> 00:24:26.717 And there are all sorts of terrible scenarios. It discovers that the only 00:24:26.800 --> 00:24:28.717 thing the computer needs is electricity. 00:24:28.800 --> 00:24:32.237 So it decides to shut down a hospital to get more electricity for itself. Those 00:24:32.320 --> 00:24:34.957 are the kind of movie scenarios. To me, 00:24:35.040 --> 00:24:37.837 all of these are red lines. The point at 00:24:37.920 --> 00:24:40.637 which we humans give agency to these 00:24:40.720 --> 00:24:44.557 computers for what they do is a mistake. 00:24:44.640 --> 00:24:47.837 And I think collectively we need to define those red lines. Another example 00:24:47.920 --> 00:24:51.757 would be access to weapons. The last thing I want is an AI system making 00:24:51.840 --> 00:24:53.677 decisions about nuclear war. Nor do any 00:24:53.760 --> 00:24:57.517 of us. That kind of thing. 00:24:57.600 --> 00:24:59.357 >> I have a bunch of questions from that. 00:24:59.440 --> 00:25:03.197 >> Because the problem is with that is is is certainly and we see this sort of 00:25:03.280 --> 00:25:08.637 play out geopolitically. The US we presume will be responsible. The 00:25:08.720 --> 00:25:11.597 question is how do we deal with people who may have this that are not 00:25:11.680 --> 00:25:15.837 responsible number one and and I and I I'll give a little bit of hope to 00:25:15.920 --> 00:25:18.957 humanity. This is the second time I interview Eric by the way 00:25:19.040 --> 00:25:22.397 >> and we we talked about this the first time just to give humanity a little bit 00:25:22.480 --> 00:25:24.317 of hope. Obviously nuclear weapons have 00:25:24.400 --> 00:25:27.517 been around for a generation and but for 00:25:27.600 --> 00:25:29.757 the first time that they were employed 00:25:29.840 --> 00:25:32.637 thankfully you know they we've limited 00:25:32.720 --> 00:25:34.557 this technology to something that has 00:25:34.640 --> 00:25:38.877 not so far destroyed us. So I guess my 00:25:38.960 --> 00:25:43.037 question is we can potentially have faith in our country hopefully to do the 00:25:43.120 --> 00:25:44.877 right thing and draw those red lines. 00:25:44.960 --> 00:25:47.437 How do we deal with the nefarious actors 00:25:47.520 --> 00:25:51.997 who may not be so ethical? >> We're going to have this problem. every 00:25:52.080 --> 00:25:55.997 technology. I mean, when Alexander Graanbell invented the telephone, it 00:25:56.080 --> 00:25:59.597 didn't occur to him that criminals would use it. I remember one day people said, 00:25:59.680 --> 00:26:03.197 "Did you know that there are criminals on the internet?" And I said, "Who let 00:26:03.280 --> 00:26:05.517 them in?" >> Right? [laughter] 00:26:05.600 --> 00:26:10.397 We didn't design the internet for criminals and they showed up. Right? So, 00:26:10.480 --> 00:26:13.677 you have to assume the same thing is going to happen with with this 00:26:13.760 --> 00:26:17.597 technology. And I think the most important thing is to put in the the 00:26:17.680 --> 00:26:19.597 observational systems to watch for it. 00:26:19.680 --> 00:26:22.717 And we should be able to create surveillance systems within the internet 00:26:22.800 --> 00:26:25.117 to watch for bad actors, at least in the 00:26:25.200 --> 00:26:27.597 extreme cases. Um, I'm worried about it 00:26:27.680 --> 00:26:29.997 for the following reason. In our 00:26:30.080 --> 00:26:33.437 lifetimes, in the next 5 or 10 years, 00:26:33.520 --> 00:26:35.917 every single human on the planet who has 00:26:36.000 --> 00:26:38.397 a mobile phone, cell phone, will have 00:26:38.480 --> 00:26:41.517 access to Einstein, Leonardo, da Vinci, 00:26:41.600 --> 00:26:44.557 you know, whomever in some form. We've 00:26:44.640 --> 00:26:47.277 never had that devolution of power. 00:26:47.360 --> 00:26:49.277 We've never had that decentralized 00:26:49.360 --> 00:26:52.557 empowerment of humans. Now, this group I 00:26:52.640 --> 00:26:55.197 trust. There's an awful lot of wacky 00:26:55.280 --> 00:26:59.757 countries and wacky cultures and wacky religions. Sorry, where I'm not so sure 00:26:59.840 --> 00:27:03.277 I would trust their collective action being consistent with our values. 00:27:03.360 --> 00:27:07.037 >> For sure. >> Right. And I think history will judge us 00:27:07.120 --> 00:27:12.157 based on how we make this how we handle the humans as this intelligence 00:27:12.240 --> 00:27:16.157 evolution occurs and empowers individuals. 00:27:16.240 --> 00:27:19.277 So the most famous use case obviously of AI right now is the large language 00:27:19.360 --> 00:27:23.197 models. I mean they're the ones that are being used day in and day out. What 00:27:23.280 --> 00:27:27.517 would you say are probably going to be let's say the top one or two or three 00:27:27.600 --> 00:27:31.357 next use cases that you think are going to change things and maybe one or two 00:27:31.440 --> 00:27:32.637 that people aren't thinking about? 00:27:32.720 --> 00:27:37.037 >> Well, so today there are sort of three things going on. I'll simplify language 00:27:37.120 --> 00:27:40.557 stuff. That's what we were joking about with large language models. 00:27:40.640 --> 00:27:44.397 >> There's something called the agentic revolution where you have agents. An 00:27:44.480 --> 00:27:48.637 agent takes language in, it has memory and it produces something. So it says, 00:27:48.720 --> 00:27:52.957 "I want to do a conference in Miami and it selects a venue and then it calls the 00:27:53.040 --> 00:27:56.877 mayor and the mayor says yes." Because the mayor is very pro business and then 00:27:56.960 --> 00:28:00.237 it calls the security people and then it calls the contractors and then it 00:28:00.320 --> 00:28:03.117 designs the stadium. Each of these is a 00:28:03.200 --> 00:28:07.757 work plan, right? Um over and over again 00:28:07.840 --> 00:28:10.397 that's workflow. Workflow is what 00:28:10.480 --> 00:28:15.117 happens in business. The technical industry believes two things. First, the 00:28:15.200 --> 00:28:17.117 scaling laws, which are the laws of 00:28:17.200 --> 00:28:20.477 improvement, are not slowing down. The 00:28:20.560 --> 00:28:23.037 crazy investment that you see is there 00:28:23.120 --> 00:28:25.597 for a reason. They're seeing the kind of 00:28:25.680 --> 00:28:30.157 gains, this factor of 10 every year are continuing to come. It's pretty amazing. 00:28:30.240 --> 00:28:34.237 Um, and and most importantly, with that investment comes everything else that we 00:28:34.320 --> 00:28:36.157 talked about. It's enormously expensive. 00:28:36.240 --> 00:28:39.037 And by the way, we're going to run out of electricity before we run out of 00:28:39.120 --> 00:28:41.357 money, which is a separate discussion. 00:28:41.440 --> 00:28:44.157 But the important thing is you have language. The next thing and then you 00:28:44.240 --> 00:28:46.717 have agents. And these agents do everything. There's something called 00:28:46.800 --> 00:28:48.237 agent orchestration where you can move 00:28:48.320 --> 00:28:51.197 the agents around. And the third one is 00:28:51.280 --> 00:28:53.837 essentially reasoning. You now have 00:28:53.920 --> 00:28:58.397 systems that can pass math tests, chemistry tests, biology tests, and so 00:28:58.480 --> 00:29:03.197 forth at the graduate level and beat the humans. That's really remarkable. And 00:29:03.280 --> 00:29:06.237 I've watched them and I have no idea what problems they're solving. And you 00:29:06.320 --> 00:29:08.077 can watch them go forward. It doesn't 00:29:08.160 --> 00:29:09.917 work. They problem solve like a human 00:29:10.000 --> 00:29:14.477 being. The union of those is the power 00:29:14.560 --> 00:29:18.637 that will give us the power to innovate to address our problems. And the the 00:29:18.720 --> 00:29:23.277 thought experiment that I would give you is let's imagine that one of the 00:29:23.360 --> 00:29:26.717 American companies I obviously have my own bias but we'll pick somebody else 00:29:26.800 --> 00:29:30.077 you whoever manages to get to the point 00:29:30.160 --> 00:29:32.237 where these systems can solve problems 00:29:32.320 --> 00:29:34.477 that humans have never been able to 00:29:34.560 --> 00:29:37.917 solve. What is the value of that 00:29:38.000 --> 00:29:43.197 company? How many trillions of dollars >> in one company? 00:29:43.280 --> 00:29:45.757 >> Infinity, >> right? It's just it's literally I mean 00:29:45.840 --> 00:29:49.037 um think about all the problems you face every day and it can solve every one of 00:29:49.120 --> 00:29:52.157 them and you can sit there and drink coffee and you know sort of 00:29:52.240 --> 00:29:54.157 >> my wife just solves most of them but that's okay. 00:29:54.240 --> 00:29:56.877 >> That's right. Uh the important thing is 00:29:56.960 --> 00:29:59.197 that we're on the threshold of being 00:29:59.280 --> 00:30:02.557 able to have truly new innovation and 00:30:02.640 --> 00:30:04.877 that's the that's the hype. That's the 00:30:04.960 --> 00:30:07.437 promise. If we don't get there people 00:30:07.520 --> 00:30:12.157 will be destroyed just from their own hype. I mean it's extraordinary. I'm 00:30:12.240 --> 00:30:15.997 going to ask one last question. It's a follow-up to the the problem that you 00:30:16.080 --> 00:30:20.717 presented. Is SMRS, which are a smallcale modular reactors, is that the 00:30:20.800 --> 00:30:22.637 solution for that energy gap that you're 00:30:22.720 --> 00:30:24.637 talking about or be something else? 00:30:24.720 --> 00:30:28.157 >> We need more energy in America. We need 00:30:28.240 --> 00:30:31.997 every kind of energy. Um, we need uh 00:30:32.080 --> 00:30:34.397 nuclear, we need fusion, we need natural 00:30:34.480 --> 00:30:37.517 gas, we need renewables, we need wind, 00:30:37.600 --> 00:30:40.557 we need solar, we need it all. Why? 00:30:40.640 --> 00:30:42.317 Because those data centers which account 00:30:42.400 --> 00:30:45.677 for 1% of GDP growth this year in 00:30:45.760 --> 00:30:49.517 America need power. If you want that 3% 00:30:49.600 --> 00:30:52.717 growth that the president and others have talked about, you need to solve the 00:30:52.800 --> 00:30:56.317 energy problem. >> Eric, thank you so much. What a provocative conversation. 00:30:56.400 --> 00:30:58.237 >> Thank you. >> Appreciate that. 00:30:58.320 --> 00:30:59.437 >> Can I read one thing? 00:30:59.520 --> 00:31:02.637 >> Oh, of course. [applause] 00:31:02.720 --> 00:31:05.277 I I I was thinking a lot about you gave 00:31:05.360 --> 00:31:07.197 me the honor to talk to this incredible 00:31:07.280 --> 00:31:10.317 group about the frontier. 00:31:10.400 --> 00:31:12.637 Um in 1893 00:31:12.720 --> 00:31:15.197 a fellow named U. Frederick Turner 00:31:15.280 --> 00:31:19.437 talked about the frontier and he said 00:31:19.520 --> 00:31:21.917 to the frontier the American intellect 00:31:22.000 --> 00:31:26.797 owes its striking characteristics. This is 150 years ago. That coarseness and 00:31:26.880 --> 00:31:30.797 strength combined with acuteness, inquisitiveness, that practical 00:31:30.880 --> 00:31:33.437 inventive turn of mind, quick to find 00:31:33.520 --> 00:31:35.917 expedience, that masterful grasp of 00:31:36.000 --> 00:31:38.877 material things, lacking in the artistic 00:31:38.960 --> 00:31:41.357 but powerful to affect great ends, that 00:31:41.440 --> 00:31:44.317 restless nervous energy, that dominant 00:31:44.400 --> 00:31:47.117 individualism, working for good and 00:31:47.200 --> 00:31:49.597 evil, and with all that buoyancy and 00:31:49.680 --> 00:31:51.997 exuberance which comes with freedom. 00:31:52.080 --> 00:31:54.717 These are the traits of the frontier. 00:31:54.800 --> 00:31:58.317 This is America. This is us. This is why 00:31:58.400 --> 00:32:00.317 we're here. This is why you're a great 00:32:00.400 --> 00:32:05.780 leader. Thank you very much. >> That was [applause] 00:32:07.200 --> 00:32:11.837 that was in 1893. >> 1893. >> You know what happened three years later? 00:32:11.920 --> 00:32:13.917 >> What's that? >> You know what happened three years later? 00:32:14.000 --> 00:32:17.757 >> What? >> The city of Miami was established. 1896. 00:32:17.840 --> 00:32:20.637 >> 1896. Happy birthday to Miami. Thank 00:32:20.720 --> 00:32:24.637 you. Okay, mayor. Thank you guys. 00:32:24.720 --> 00:32:26.740 >> [music] 00:32:38.160 --> 00:32:39.997 >> At the Adam Smith Center for Economic 00:32:40.080 --> 00:32:46.720 Freedom, you don't just learn, you achieve through our interdisiplinary